Exam 2 Flashcards
allostasis is
management of short term stress
what is allosteric load
chronic stress
what do catelcholamines do
mimic sympathetic (fight or flight) stimulation
released from _____ cells of the _____
chromaffin, adrenal medulla
catecholamines are large amounts of _____ and small amounts of _____
epinephrine, norepinephrine
action of norepinephrine
raises bp by constricting peripheral vessels
dilates pupils
piloerection (goosebumps)
increase sweat gland action
action of epinephrine
greater influence on cardiac action
vasodilation
metabolic regulation that raises glucose level
adrenal medulla releases ___
catelcholamines
posterior pituitary releases __
ADH and oxytocin
anterior pituitary releases ___
prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone, ACTH, all stimulate adrenal cortex to release cortisol
growth factors involved in angio genesis
vascular endothelial
platelet derived
basic fibroblast
what is the warburg effect
cancer cells repurposing glucose for fuel
how does immune suppression facilitate cancer growth
immune cells secrete cytokines, which can bind to tumor cells and influence growth. cytokines released on inflammation
WHAT CAN METASTATIC CELLS SECRETE
proteases to degrade extracellular matrix and create a pathway
how can metastatic cells survive in the blood
bind to platelets kinda as a shield
the most aggressive tumors are highly ____
vascularized
what is a complication of removing a highly vascularized tumor?
Hemorrhaging
types of benign tumors
lipoma, glioma, leiomyoma, meningioma
malignant tumors
carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia
epithelial tumors are called
carcinomas
connective tissue tumors are called
sarcoma
ductal or glandular tissue tumors are called
adenocarcinoma
lymphatic tissue tumors are called
lymphoma
blood forming cell tumors are called
leukemias
what is triple negative breast cancer
lack of all three receptors for drugs to bind to and enter cell, so they do not respond well to hormone sensitive drugs . are also notoriously aggressive and lethal .
infections and their linked cancers: HPV
cervical cancer
infections and their linked cancers: Hep B and C
liver cancer
infections and their linked cancers: helicobacter pylori
stomach cancers
infections and their linked cancers: epstein barr virus
cancers of nasopharynx and stomach, hodgkin disease, non hodgkin lymphoma
infections and their linked cancers: human herpes virus type 8
kaposi sarcoma
infections and their linked cancers: human t cell lymphotropic virus type 1
leukemia and lymphoma
RBC lifespan
120 days
what is the hemoglobin structure
2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide globin chains
4 hemes or iron complexes that carry one oxygen molecule each
Heme ____ bind to Fe2+ and _____ bind to Fe3+
can, cannot
what is hemostasis
the arrest of bleeding
what does heparin do?
blocks factor 10, which doesnt allow clots to form
what are the two classifications of anemia
cell size and hemoglobin content
terminology to define anemic cell size
suffix -cytic
macrocytic, microcytic, normocytic
terminology to define anemic cell hemoglobin content
suffix -chromic
normochromic, hypochromic
what is anisocytosis
red cells presenting in various sizes
what is poikilocytosis
red cells presenting in various shapes
what are normal hematocrit levels
37-54%
what does low hematocrit mean
overhydration
what does high hematocrit mean
dehydration
what are normal hemoglobin levels
12-18 g/dL
what are normal RBC counts
4.2-6 million
what are normal WBC counts
4500-11,000
what are normal platelet counts
150,000-400,000
what cell types are granulocytes
neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
have inflammatory and immune functions
what cell types are agranulocytes
T cell, b cell, lymphocyte, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells
what does the -penia suffix mean
low levels
what does the -cytosis suffix mean
high levels
what is acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALL
- too many lymphoblasts
- most common overall
- most common in children
treatment chemo
what is acute myelogenous leukemia
AML
- too many myeloblasts
- most common adult leukemia
treatment chemo
what is chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CLL
- too many immature lymphocytes
- most common adult leukemia in the western world
- involves malignant b cells
- majority asymptomatic at diagnosis
symptoms
slow progression, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, extreme fatigue
what is a myeloblast
stem cell that differentiates into effectors of granulocytes
what is a lymphoblast
large lymphocyte that is activated by an antigen
what is chronic myelogenous leukemia
CML
- too many blood cells made in bone marrow
- philadelphia chromosome
symptoms
slow progression, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, extreme fatigue
how many white matter nerve cells in corpus callosum
200000-250000
how much CSF does someone have
125-150 ml
how much blood does the brain receive per minute
800-1000ml
what primarily regulates CNS blood flow
CO2
