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NURS 350 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

allostasis is

A

management of short term stress

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2
Q

what is allosteric load

A

chronic stress

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3
Q

what do catelcholamines do

A

mimic sympathetic (fight or flight) stimulation

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4
Q

released from _____ cells of the _____

A

chromaffin, adrenal medulla

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5
Q

catecholamines are large amounts of _____ and small amounts of _____

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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6
Q

action of norepinephrine

A

raises bp by constricting peripheral vessels

dilates pupils

piloerection (goosebumps)

increase sweat gland action

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7
Q

action of epinephrine

A

greater influence on cardiac action

vasodilation

metabolic regulation that raises glucose level

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8
Q

adrenal medulla releases ___

A

catelcholamines

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9
Q

posterior pituitary releases __

A

ADH and oxytocin

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10
Q

anterior pituitary releases ___

A

prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone, ACTH, all stimulate adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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11
Q

growth factors involved in angio genesis

A

vascular endothelial
platelet derived
basic fibroblast

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12
Q

what is the warburg effect

A

cancer cells repurposing glucose for fuel

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13
Q

how does immune suppression facilitate cancer growth

A

immune cells secrete cytokines, which can bind to tumor cells and influence growth. cytokines released on inflammation

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14
Q

WHAT CAN METASTATIC CELLS SECRETE

A

proteases to degrade extracellular matrix and create a pathway

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15
Q

how can metastatic cells survive in the blood

A

bind to platelets kinda as a shield

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16
Q

the most aggressive tumors are highly ____

A

vascularized

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17
Q

what is a complication of removing a highly vascularized tumor?

A

Hemorrhaging

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18
Q

types of benign tumors

A

lipoma, glioma, leiomyoma, meningioma

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19
Q

malignant tumors

A

carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia

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20
Q

epithelial tumors are called

A

carcinomas

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21
Q

connective tissue tumors are called

A

sarcoma

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22
Q

ductal or glandular tissue tumors are called

A

adenocarcinoma

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23
Q

lymphatic tissue tumors are called

A

lymphoma

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24
Q

blood forming cell tumors are called

A

leukemias

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25
Q

what is triple negative breast cancer

A

lack of all three receptors for drugs to bind to and enter cell, so they do not respond well to hormone sensitive drugs . are also notoriously aggressive and lethal .

26
Q

infections and their linked cancers: HPV

A

cervical cancer

27
Q

infections and their linked cancers: Hep B and C

A

liver cancer

28
Q

infections and their linked cancers: helicobacter pylori

A

stomach cancers

29
Q

infections and their linked cancers: epstein barr virus

A

cancers of nasopharynx and stomach, hodgkin disease, non hodgkin lymphoma

30
Q

infections and their linked cancers: human herpes virus type 8

A

kaposi sarcoma

31
Q

infections and their linked cancers: human t cell lymphotropic virus type 1

A

leukemia and lymphoma

32
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

33
Q

what is the hemoglobin structure

A

2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide globin chains

4 hemes or iron complexes that carry one oxygen molecule each

34
Q

Heme ____ bind to Fe2+ and _____ bind to Fe3+

A

can, cannot

35
Q

what is hemostasis

A

the arrest of bleeding

36
Q

what does heparin do?

A

blocks factor 10, which doesnt allow clots to form

37
Q

what are the two classifications of anemia

A

cell size and hemoglobin content

38
Q

terminology to define anemic cell size

A

suffix -cytic

macrocytic, microcytic, normocytic

39
Q

terminology to define anemic cell hemoglobin content

A

suffix -chromic

normochromic, hypochromic

40
Q

what is anisocytosis

A

red cells presenting in various sizes

41
Q

what is poikilocytosis

A

red cells presenting in various shapes

42
Q

what are normal hematocrit levels

A

37-54%

43
Q

what does low hematocrit mean

A

overhydration

44
Q

what does high hematocrit mean

A

dehydration

45
Q

what are normal hemoglobin levels

A

12-18 g/dL

46
Q

what are normal RBC counts

A

4.2-6 million

47
Q

what are normal WBC counts

A

4500-11,000

48
Q

what are normal platelet counts

A

150,000-400,000

49
Q

what cell types are granulocytes

A

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

have inflammatory and immune functions

50
Q

what cell types are agranulocytes

A

T cell, b cell, lymphocyte, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells

51
Q

what does the -penia suffix mean

A

low levels

52
Q

what does the -cytosis suffix mean

A

high levels

53
Q

what is acute lymphocytic leukemia

A

ALL

  • too many lymphoblasts
  • most common overall
  • most common in children

treatment chemo

54
Q

what is acute myelogenous leukemia

A

AML

  • too many myeloblasts
  • most common adult leukemia

treatment chemo

55
Q

what is chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

CLL

  • too many immature lymphocytes
  • most common adult leukemia in the western world
  • involves malignant b cells
  • majority asymptomatic at diagnosis

symptoms
slow progression, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, extreme fatigue

56
Q

what is a myeloblast

A

stem cell that differentiates into effectors of granulocytes

57
Q

what is a lymphoblast

A

large lymphocyte that is activated by an antigen

58
Q

what is chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

CML

  • too many blood cells made in bone marrow
  • philadelphia chromosome

symptoms
slow progression, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, extreme fatigue

59
Q

how many white matter nerve cells in corpus callosum

A

200000-250000

60
Q

how much CSF does someone have

A

125-150 ml

61
Q

how much blood does the brain receive per minute

A

800-1000ml

62
Q

what primarily regulates CNS blood flow

A

CO2

NURS 350 (3 decks)

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