Exam 1 Flashcards
pls let me do good
what is atrophy
shrinking or losing fluid in cells
what is hypertrophy
increase in cell size
what is hyperplasia
increase in cell numbers
what is metaplasia
reversible replacement of mature cells with another type of cell
what is dysplasia
changes in shape, size or organization of cells
what is hypoxic injury
when there is a significant lack of oxygen to tissues
what is the response to hypoxic injury
cell death??
what is ischemia
reduced blood supply
what is hypoxia vs anoxia
lack of sufficient oxygen vs . total lack of oxygen
what is hypoxemia
abnormally low O2 in the blood
what are free radicals and reactive oxygen species?
free radicals pull electrons from other cells and ruin the structure . reactive oxygen species do the same and damage tissues by proxy
What are the systemic manifestations of cell and tissue injury
swelling, fever, redness, temperature
Define coagulative necrosis
cells die by mechanical injury or lack of oxygen but retain structure
Define liquefactive necrosis
occurs during infection besides in the brain, cells break down and become liquefied
Define caseous necrosis
tissue has white cottage cheese like appearance called a granuloma
Define fatty necrosis
occurs in fat cell rich areas, cells break down and appear as white blotches in skin
Define gangrene necrosis
tissue death in extremities only that present as blackened skin w putrefication .
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death
define genomics
structure, function, evolution and mapping of genomes
define pharmacogenomics
how genes affect a persons response to drugs
define epigenomics
study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications to genetic material
define epigenetics
study of changes in an organism caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of genetic code
What are genes when relating to heredity .
traits passed down through alleles and dominant/recessive genes
What is DNA and its pairing?
pairs of A/T and G/C
what is RNA and its paring?
A/U and G/C
what is the central dogma of molecular biology?
transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to proteins)
how to build mRNA from DNA or DNA template strand
always synthesized from 5’ to 3’
organization of genes on chromosomes
DNA pairs connected by histones, and they fold on each other to form chromosomes
what is a locus?
where on the chromosome a gene is located
what is alleles
versions of a gene on the chromosome
how many copies of each gene are inherited?
2 copies of each gene, one from each parent for a total of 46 chromosomes
number of chromosomes in human body cells
46
number of chromosomes in sperm/egg cells
23
what is a karyotype
number and appearance of chromosomes in an individual
how are genes labeled?
chromosome #, Long(q) or short (a) arm, region
Example for the BRCA gene= 7q31.2
7th chromosome, long arm, region 31.2
what is multifactorial inheritance
disease caused by many factors, combination of environment, gene susceptibility, exposure, lifestyle
what is aneuploidy
abnormal number of chromosome
what is translocation
when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches somewhere else
who should be offered prenatal screening and why?
women over 35, fetal problems or complications are much more common at this age
what are the main functions of cells
excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication
what does the nucleus do
DNA and replication
what does the ER do
protein synthesis
what does the Golgi do
packages protein for secretion
what does the peroxisomes do
breakdowns fatty acids
what does the mitochondria do
oxidative phosphorylation, ATP formation, Ca2+ transport
what are the components of the cytoskeleton?
microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments
what do microtubules do
stiffen and add rigidity to cell structure
what do actin filaments do
occur in bundles, pinch cells together for splitting, cell movement
what do intermediate filaments do
braided fibers that bridge from cell to cell in epithelial tissue keeping it together
why are cell membranes important?
receptors, surface markers, proteins in the membrane, cell signaling
what are roles of plasma membrane proteins
bind with ligands to create responses and identifies self vs outside
what is anabolism
energy using process
what is catabolism
energy releasing
what is osmolarity vs osmolality
milliosmoles per liter of water vs . milliosmoles per kg of water
what is the extracellular matrix
extracellular collagens, proteins, enzymes that provide structural and biochemical supports
