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EarthSci > Minerals And Rocks > Flashcards

Minerals And Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

It is a naturally occurring inorganic crystalline substance which has a definite chemical composition

A

Mineral

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2
Q

minerals that contain silica (SiO2) are

A

Silicates

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3
Q

minerals that contain carbonate (CO32-) are

A

Carbonate

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4
Q

minerals that contain sulfur (S) are

A

Sulfides

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5
Q

minerals that contain oxygen (O) are

A

Oxides

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6
Q

minerals that contain oxygen (O) are

A

Oxides

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7
Q

are the most common minerals and the properties of silicate minerals significantly control geologic processes

A

Silicates

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8
Q

What causes minerals to have different physical properties?

A

The internal arrangement of atoms

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9
Q

an example of two minerals which have the same chemical composition but different physical properties

A

Graphite and diamond (both made of carbon)

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10
Q

The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals

A

1.) Color
2.) Streak
3.’ Luster
4.) Cleavage
5.) Fracture
6.) Hardness

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11
Q

How light reflects off a mineral

A

Luster (Metallic or Non metallic)

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12
Q

the mineral breaks in a predictable patternbecause of its arrangement of atoms

Or the tendency of minerals to break parallel to crystallographic planes along which chemical bonds are weaker than others

A

Cleavage

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13
Q

is the way a mineral breaks in the absence of a cleavage plane. In some crystals, the strength of bonds is approximately equal in all crystallographic direction

A

Fracture

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14
Q

Type of fracture that has smooth curved surfaces resembling shells

A

Conchoidal

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15
Q

Type of fracture that is common with asbestos

A

Fibrous

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16
Q

Type of fracture that has jagged features with sharp edges

A

Hackly

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17
Q

Type of fracture that has rough or irregular surfaces

A

Irregular or uneven

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18
Q

Resistance to being scratched

A

Hardness

19
Q

Mohs Hardness Scale

A

Diamond, 10; Corundum, 9; Topaz, 8; Quartz, 7; Orthoclase, 6; Apatite, 5; Flourite, 4; Calcite, 3; Gypsum, 2; and Talc, 1

20
Q

have a definite chemical composition made of elementsand compounds

A

Minerals

21
Q

What two elements, by mass, make up the greatest percentage of the Earth’s crust

A

Oxygen and Silicon

22
Q

The two elements combine to form compounds called

A

Silicates(SiO4)

23
Q

They combine in a specific structure called a

A

silicon-oxygen tetrahedra

24
Q

is a solid mixture of crystals of one or more minerals, or organic matter

A

Rock

25
Q

is the series of processes in which a rock type changes from one type to another.

A

Rock cycle

26
Q

Scientists divide all rock into 3 main classes based on how the rock was formed

A
  1. Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic
27
Q

what makes up the rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock

A

Composition

28
Q

the quality of a rock that is based on size, shape, and positions of the rock’s grain

A

Texture

29
Q

Derived from the Latin word ignis meaning “fire”. Are crystallized from magma or molten or partially molten volcanic materials from within the earth

A

Igneous rocks

30
Q

Is a molten rock material beneath the surface

A

Magma

31
Q

Is molten rock material extruded to the surface of the earth through a volcanic or a fissure eruption

A

Lava

32
Q

Type of igneous rock that cool quickly and as a result these rocks are fine grained or has lack of crystal growth

A

Extrusive Igneous rock

33
Q

Type of igneous rocks that are formed from magma that cools slowly and as a result these rocks are coarse grained

A

Intrusive igneous rocks

34
Q

What root word does sedimentary rocks come from and what does it mean

A

From the root word sediments which means “remaining particles”

35
Q

Rocks that have formed through the accumulation, compaction and cementation of sediments

A

Sedimentary rocks

36
Q

derived from sediments that precipitated from concentrated solutions (e.g. seawater) or from the accumulation of biologic or organic material (e.g. shells, plant material).
They are turther classitied on the basis of chemical composition.

A

NON-CLASTIC/BIOCHEMICAL

37
Q

form from the accumulation and lithification of sediments derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks. They are further classified according to dominant grain size.

A

CLASTIC/TERRIGENOUS

38
Q

Meta means “change”
Formed below the surface of the earth through the process of metamorphism with the recrystallization of minerals in rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature.

A

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

39
Q

Meta means?

A

Change

40
Q

Heat as the main factor: occurs when a pre-existing rocks get in contact with a heat source (magma)
Occurs on a relatively small scale: around the vicinity of intruding magma
Creates non-foliated met. rocks

A

CONTACT METAMORPHISM

41
Q

do not display layers. Rather, they are massive structures with no obvious banding. The mineral grains grow and rearrange, but they don’t form layers.

A

NON-FOLIATED metamorphic rocks

42
Q

Pressure as main factor:
occurs in areas that have undergone deformation during mountain building.
Occurs in a regional/large scale
Creates foliated metamorphic rocks

A

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

43
Q

are those in which the minerals have been flattened and pushed down into parallel layers. The bands in foliated metamorphic rock look like pages in a book.
• Examples of foliated rocks are slate, schist, and gneiss.

A

FOLIATED metamorphic rocks

EarthSci (5 decks)

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