Minerals and energy resources Flashcards
structures in which minerals are found?
-igneous and metamorphic rocks- cracks, crevices, faults or joints
-veins, lodes
-liquid/ molten/ gaseous -> cools and solidifies
-eg. zn, sn, cu, Pb
-sedimentary rocks: beds or layers in the horizontal strata - deposition, accumulation and concentration in the hozirontal strata
-Coal, iron ore
-another group of sedimentary minerals- gypsum, potash salt, sodium salt: evaporation
-decomoposition of surface rocks and removal of soluble material- leaving behind a residual mass of weathered material which contains ores
-bauxite
-alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills
-placer deposits
-minerals which are not easily coroded by water
-gold, silver, tin, platinum
-ocean waters
-too widely diffused to be of economic significance
-common salt, bromine, magnesium
-manganese nodules- ocean beds
Distribution of minerals in India
-peninsular rocks: coal, mica, other non-metallic minerals, metallic minerals
-sedimentary rocks: eastern and western flanks of the peninsula-> Gujarat and Assam- petroleum deposits
-Rajasthan- rock systems of the peninsula- non-ferrous minerals
-alluvial plains- largely devoid of any economic minerals
*differences exist due to variations in geological structure, processes and time involved in formation
Iron ore
-basic mineral and backbone of industrial development
-india is rich- good quality iron ore
-magnetite- finest: 70% , excellent magnetic qualitites, electrical industry
-hematite- most important- quantity used, content 50%-60%
-97% production (2018-19) : Karnataka, Odisha, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand
-remainig 3%- other states
iron ore belts
-odisha- jharkhand belt:
-durg- bastar- chandrapur belt
-Ballari- Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru- Tumakuru belt
-Maharashtra- Goa belt
manganese
-manufacturing steel, ferro-manganese allow
-10 kg manganese -> 1 tonne of steel
-bleaching powder, paints, insecticides
copper
- india is deficient: reserve and production of copper
-malleable, ductile, good conductor
-electrical cables, electronics, chemical industry
-khetri mines: rajasthan
-balaghat mines:M.P
-singbhum district: Jharkhand
Bauxite
- although several ores contain aluminium, it’s from bauxite that a clay-like substance called alumina and later aluminium is obtained
-bauxite formed- decomposition of various rocks rich in aluminium silicates
-aluminium- strong and light, good conductor, malleable
-main bauxite deposits: amarkantak plateau, maikal hills, plateau region : bilaspur katni
-leading producer(2016-17): Odisha-> koraput district-> panchpatmali deposits
Mica (non- metallic)
- made up of a series of plaltes/leaves
-can easily split into thin sheets
-sheets can be so thin- 1000 layered into a mica sheet only a few cm high
-green, yellow, red, brown, black, clear
-excellent di-electric strengh, low power- loss factor, insulaing properties and resistance to high voltage -extremely valuable to the electric and electronic industries
-northern edge of chota nagpur plateau, koderma Gaya- Hazaribagh belt: jharkhand(leading producer), rjasthan - Ajmer, nellore mica belt : A.P.
limestone (rock mineral)
-found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates/ calcium and magnesium carbonates
-sedimentary rocls- most geological formations
-basic raw material- cement industry
-smelting of iron ore- blast furnaces
coal
-most abundantly available fossil fuel
-provides substantial part of the nations energy needs
-power generation, supply energy- industry, domestic purposes
-formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years
-variety of forms depending on- degrees of compression, depth, time of burial
-peat: decaying plants in swamps. low carbon content, high moisture content, low heating capacity
-lignite- low grade brown coal. soft, high moisture content. Neyveli, Tamil Nadu- electricity generation
-bituminous- deep, high temperature. most popular: commercial use
-metallurgical coal- high grade bituminous coal. special value for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace
-anthracite- highest quality hard coal
-India: coal occurs in rock series of 2 main geological ages: gondwana- little over 200 million years, tertiary- about 55 million years old
-gondwana(metallurgical)- damodar valley( west- bengal to jharkhand). coal fields- Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro. Mahanadi, Son, Wardha, Godavari Valleys also contain coal deposits
- teriary- north eastern states: Meghalaya, Nagaland, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
-bulky material, loses weight as it’s reduced to ash. most of the heavy industries, thermal power stations- located on or near the coal fields
petroleum
-mineral oil
-next major energy source after coal
-fuel- hea and lighting
-lubricants- machinery
-raw materials- manufacturing industries
-petroleum refineries- nodal industries-> chemical, fertilizer, synthetic textile industries
-petroleum occurences in India- associated with anticlines, fault traps in the rock formations of the tertialry age
-regions of folding, anticlines, domes- petroleum occurs where oil is found in the crest of the upfold
-oil baring layer- porous limestone or sandstone through which the oil may flow
-oil is prevented from sinking/rising- intervening non-porous layers
-petroleum also found in fault traps- between porous and non-porous rocks
-gas: lighter- occurs above the oil
-Mumbai High, Gujarat, Assam
-Ankeleshwar- Gujarat
-Assam- oldest oil producing state of India- Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran- Hugrijan
Natural Gas
-found with petroleum deposits
-released- crude oil- surface
-domestic, industrial fuel
-power secot- generate elecetricity
-heating purpose: industries
-raw material- chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries
-transport and cooking fuel
-expansion of gas infrastructure and local city gas distribution(COD) networks, natural gas- preferred transport( CNG) and cooking (PNG) in homes
-major gas reserves- Mumbai high and allied fields in west coast, supplemented by finds in the cambay basin
-East coast- new reserves- Krishna- Godavari basin
-first 1700 km cross country pipeline - Hazira- Vijaipur- Jagdishpur: GAIL
-Mumbai high and bassein gas fields- various fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern india
-developed the indian gas market
-gas infrastructure expanded 1700- 18500km
-soon expected to reach 34000km- gas grid: all gas sources and consuming markets all across the country- including north- eastern sates
Electricity
-percapita consumption- index of development
-generated in 2 ways: hydro-electricity, thermal electricity
-hydro-electricity- running water- drives turbines, renewable source, bhakra nangal, damodar valley corporation, kopili hydel project, etc.
-thermal electricity- burning other fuels- drive turbines, coal, petroleum natural gas- non-renewable.
nuclear/ atomic energy
-structure of atoms is altered- large amount of energy is released- for of heat- generate electric power
-uranium, thorium
-Jharkhand, Aravali ranges of Rajasthan
-Thorium- monazite sands- kerala
wind power
-great potential of wind power
-largest wind farm cluster: Tamil Nadu- Nagarcoil-Madurai
-MAKK GL :Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Lakshadweep- important wind farms
-Nagarcoil and jaiselmer- effective use - wind energy
Solar energy
-tropical country, high potential for apping soal energy
-photovoltaic cells- sunlight- electricity
- solar energy- popular : rural and remote areas
-big solar power plants- set up- minimise the dependence of rural households on fuelwood and cow dung cakes- contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture
biogas
-decomposition of shrubs, farm waste, animal, human waste- produce biogas for domestic consumption- rural ares
-higher thermal efficiency than kerosene, dung cake or charcoal
-biogas plants -cow dung- gobar gas plants
-twin benifits- improving the quality of manure- providing energy
-most efficient us of cattle dung- impoves quality of manure and prevents the loss of trees and manre due to burning of fuelwood and cow dung cakes
Tidal energy
-oceanic tides- electricity
-floodgate dams - built across inlets
-high tide- water flows into the inlet- gets trapped
-tide falls out of floodgate- trapped water returns back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power - generating turbine
-India- gulf of khambhat, gulf of Kuchchh- gujarat, gangetic delta- sunderban regions of west bengal
geothermal energy
-heat and electricity produced- heat from the interior of the earth
-earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth
-geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures- shallow depths
-ground water- absorbs heat- rocks - becomes hot - rises- steam - drive turbines- generate electricity
-several hundred hot springs in India which can be used for harnessing geothermal energy
-2 main experimental projects: parvati valley: near manikarn in HP, puga valley, ladakh
conservation of energy
-basic requirement for economic development
-every economic sector needs inputs of energy
-economic development plans since independence- require increasing amounts of energy to remain operational
-consumption of energy has been steadily rising
-urgent need- develop a sustainable path of energy development
-promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable sources of energy- twin planks - sustainable energy
-India- one of least energy efficient countries
-adopt cautious approach- judicious use of limited energy resources
-eg. concerned citizens- public transport, switching off electricity when not in use, using power saving devices, non- conventional sources of energy.
-energy saved is energy produced
-odisha- jharkhand belt
-odisha-> mayurbhanj and kendujhar districts -> badampahar mines -> high grade hematite
->jharkhand- > adjoining singbhum district-> gua and noamundi mines -> hematite
-durg- bastar- chandrapur belt
chattisgarh and maharashtra
-chattisgarh-> bastar district-> bailadila range of hills ( 14 deposits) -> high grade hematite
-best physical properties for making steel
-exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port
-Ballari- Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru- Tumakuru belt
karnataka
-western ghats of karnataka-> kudremukh mines -> 100% export unit
-one of the largest deposits in the world
-ore is transported to a port near mangaluru as a slurry through a pipeline
-Maharashtra- Goa belt
goa and ratnagiri district of maharashtra
-ores are not of good quality, but are heavily exploited
-exported through marmagao port
rat hole mining
-most minerals in India- nationalised
-extraction possible- after obtaining permission from govt.
-most tribal areas- north East India- minerals are owned by Individuals/ communities
-meghalaya- large deposis of coal, iron ores, limestone, dolomite, etc.
-coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee- done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel- rat hole
-national green tribunal- declared such activities illegal- recommended- stopped henceforth
hazards of mining
-dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases
-risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines- constant threat to miners
-water sources- contaminated due to mining
-dumping of waste and slurry- degradation of land, soil, increase in stream and river pollution
