Minerals Flashcards
Phosphorus RDA and excreted
RDA 500 mg/day
Excreted 500 mg/day
Phosphorus blood levels
Children 5-6 mg/dl
Adults 4-5 mg/dl
RDA of Magnesium
300 mg/day for females
400 mg/day for males
Regulation of Magnesium ( renal )
Serum level
Reabsorption. Increases: Glucagon,vasopressin,PTH Excretion increases : Thyroid hormones,Aldosterone Serum level 1.8-2.2 mg/dl
Magnesium and insulin
Increase in Insulin sensitivity & glucose tolerance
Hypomagnesia, causes are
Causes: Diabetic keto acidosis Chronic alcoholism Chronic glomerulonephritis Protein calorie malnutrition Malabsorption
Hypomagnesia effects
Effects:
Hyperirritability,Tremors, carpopedal spasm
Cardiac arrhythmias
Vomiting
Diagnosis is Mg load test and Mg levels
Hypermagnesemia, causes are
Excessive intake Antacids Renal failure Hypothyroidism Lithium
Sodium RDA and levels
5-10 gm/day
Plasma 136-145 mEq/L
Urine 40-200 mEq/day
Hypernatremia
Causes: Cushing’s syndrome Hyper aldosteronism I V fluids Pregnancy
Hyponatremia
Causes : Renal failure Vomiting Burns Diarrhoea Renal tubular acidosis
Potassium levels and increases when
Plasma 3.5-5 mEq/L
Increases when:
Hyperosmolarity
Exercise
Cell lysis
Urine. 25-100 mEq/L
Potassium levels decreases when:
RDA
Insulin
Beta - agonists
3-4 gm/day(mostly found in muscles)
Hyperkalemia types and causes
Addison’s disease
Hypoaldosteronism
Renal failure
Pseudohyperkalemia (leakage of K+):
Hemolysis,polycythaemia,leukocytosis
Hypokalemia ,causes and effects
Hyperaldosteronism Cushing’s syndrome Vomiting Diarrhoea Diuretics
Features
Muscular weakness
Cardiac arrest
Hyperkalemia features
Features: Bradycardia Ventricular arrhythmia/fibrillation Cardiac arrest Paralysis
Chlorine level
96-106 mEq/L
Hyperchloremia
Diarrhoea
Cushing’s syndrome
Respiratory acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis
Cystic fibrosis :sweat chloride
Hypochloremia
Renal failure
Excessive vomiting
Addison’s disease
Manganese RDA ,sources,deficiency
5-6 mg/day, nuts &tea Total body 15mg/day Deficiency: Impaired growth Bone deformities
Functions of manganese
Enzyme cofactor of Superoxide dismutase( mitochondrial) Glutamine synthase Argininase Phosphoglucomutase RNA polymerase Glycoprotein / chondroitin sulphate synthesis Cholesterol synthesis Bone development Vitamin E functioning
Molybdenum sources , RDA,excretion
Cereals
100 microgram/day
Urine
Molybdenum functions and deficiency
Cofactor of oxidases like: Xanthine oxidase Aldehyde oxidase Sulfite oxidase Deficiency : Mental retardation and neuropathy
Molybedenosis
Excess intake of Mo
Growth retardation
Anaemia
Zinc
Trace intracellular element
In muscle and bone mainly
Rich in prostate
2gm in body
RDA of zinc
Children 3.5-5 mg/day
Adults10-15 mg/day
50% increase in lactation
Functions of zinc
Enzymes like CA, Carboxypeptidase, superoxide dismutase, Alcohol DH, Retinol dehydrogenase
Structural functions like zinc finger motif
Health related like antioxidant, immunity,against diarrhoea ,…
Part of gustin protein related to taste buds
Mild deficiency of zinc
- Neurosensory changes
- Decreased serum testosterone and oligospermia
- Hyperammonemia
- Decreased immunity
- Impaired cognitive functions
Manifestations of moderate zinc deficiency
- Growth retardation
- Male hypogonadism
- Vitamin A deficiency
- Decreased immunity and neurosensory functions
- Rough skin, poor appetite ,mental lethargy
Severe zinc deficiency ,causes
- Congenital
- Parenteral nutrition
- Bariatric surgery
RDA of Calcium
Children 1200 mg/day
Adults 500 mg/day
Pregnancy & lactation 1500 mg/day
More than 50 : 1500 mg/day
