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Biochemistry MBBS > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Phosphorus RDA and excreted

A

RDA 500 mg/day

Excreted 500 mg/day

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2
Q

Phosphorus blood levels

A

Children 5-6 mg/dl

Adults 4-5 mg/dl

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3
Q

RDA of Magnesium

A

300 mg/day for females

400 mg/day for males

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4
Q

Regulation of Magnesium ( renal )

Serum level

A 
Reabsorption. Increases:
Glucagon,vasopressin,PTH
Excretion increases :
Thyroid hormones,Aldosterone 
Serum level 1.8-2.2 mg/dl
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5
Q

Magnesium and insulin

A

Increase in Insulin sensitivity & glucose tolerance

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6
Q

Hypomagnesia, causes are

A 
Causes: Diabetic keto acidosis
Chronic alcoholism
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Protein calorie malnutrition
Malabsorption
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7
Q

Hypomagnesia effects

A

Effects:
Hyperirritability,Tremors, carpopedal spasm
Cardiac arrhythmias
Vomiting

Diagnosis is Mg load test and Mg levels

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8
Q

Hypermagnesemia, causes are

A 
Excessive intake
Antacids
Renal failure
Hypothyroidism
Lithium
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9
Q

Sodium RDA and levels

A

5-10 gm/day

Plasma 136-145 mEq/L
Urine 40-200 mEq/day

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10
Q

Hypernatremia

A 
Causes:
Cushing’s syndrome 
Hyper aldosteronism
I V fluids
Pregnancy
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11
Q

Hyponatremia

A 
Causes :
Renal failure
Vomiting
Burns
Diarrhoea
Renal tubular acidosis
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12
Q

Potassium levels and increases when

A 
Plasma 3.5-5 mEq/L
   Increases when:
     Hyperosmolarity
     Exercise
     Cell lysis

Urine. 25-100 mEq/L

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13
Q

Potassium levels decreases when:

RDA

A

Insulin
Beta - agonists
3-4 gm/day(mostly found in muscles)

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia types and causes

A

Addison’s disease
Hypoaldosteronism
Renal failure

Pseudohyperkalemia (leakage of K+):
Hemolysis,polycythaemia,leukocytosis

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15
Q

Hypokalemia ,causes and effects

A 
Hyperaldosteronism
Cushing’s syndrome 
Vomiting
Diarrhoea 
Diuretics

Features
Muscular weakness
Cardiac arrest

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16
Q

Hyperkalemia features

A 
Features:
  Bradycardia
  Ventricular arrhythmia/fibrillation 
  Cardiac arrest
  Paralysis
17
Q

Chlorine level

A

96-106 mEq/L

18
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

Diarrhoea
Cushing’s syndrome
Respiratory acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis

Cystic fibrosis :sweat chloride

19
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Renal failure
Excessive vomiting
Addison’s disease

20
Q

Manganese RDA ,sources,deficiency

A 
5-6 mg/day,
nuts &tea
Total body 15mg/day
Deficiency:
  Impaired growth
  Bone deformities
21
Q

Functions of manganese

A 
Enzyme cofactor of 
  Superoxide dismutase( mitochondrial)
  Glutamine synthase
  Argininase 
  Phosphoglucomutase
  RNA polymerase 
Glycoprotein / chondroitin sulphate synthesis 
Cholesterol synthesis
Bone development
Vitamin E functioning
22
Q

Molybdenum sources , RDA,excretion

A

Cereals
100 microgram/day
Urine

23
Q

Molybdenum functions and deficiency

A 
Cofactor of oxidases like:
  Xanthine oxidase 
  Aldehyde oxidase 
  Sulfite oxidase
Deficiency :
  Mental retardation and neuropathy
24
Q

Molybedenosis

A

Excess intake of Mo
Growth retardation
Anaemia

25
Q

Zinc

A

Trace intracellular element
In muscle and bone mainly
Rich in prostate
2gm in body

26
Q

RDA of zinc

A

Children 3.5-5 mg/day
Adults10-15 mg/day
50% increase in lactation

27
Q

Functions of zinc

A

Enzymes like CA, Carboxypeptidase, superoxide dismutase, Alcohol DH, Retinol dehydrogenase
Structural functions like zinc finger motif
Health related like antioxidant, immunity,against diarrhoea ,…
Part of gustin protein related to taste buds

28
Q

Mild deficiency of zinc

A
  1. Neurosensory changes
  2. Decreased serum testosterone and oligospermia
  3. Hyperammonemia
  4. Decreased immunity
  5. Impaired cognitive functions
29
Q

Manifestations of moderate zinc deficiency

A
  1. Growth retardation
  2. Male hypogonadism
  3. Vitamin A deficiency
  4. Decreased immunity and neurosensory functions
  5. Rough skin, poor appetite ,mental lethargy
30
Q

Severe zinc deficiency ,causes

A
  1. Congenital
  2. Parenteral nutrition
  3. Bariatric surgery
31
Q

RDA of Calcium

A

Children 1200 mg/day
Adults 500 mg/day
Pregnancy & lactation 1500 mg/day
More than 50 : 1500 mg/day

Biochemistry MBBS (10 decks)

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