Minerals Flashcards
(Calcium and Phosphorus)
(determined by a balance of intake and loss)
(intestine)
- based on need
mediated by what?
influenced by what?
(bone)
- uptake/release of sodium (Ca?) with bone resorption/formation
(kidney)
- normally reabsorbs most filtered Ca and P
what influence renal regulation?
- vit D
corticosteroids
- PTH, calcitonin, vit D
(PTH)
- responds to low or high Ca?
by doing what?
also decreases renal absorption of what?
- What has similar effects?
- low
^osteolysis, bone resporption, skeletal remodeling, ^renal reabsorption, ^Vit D
Phosphorus
- PTHrP
(calcitonin)
- released in response to what?
does what?
result?
- hypercalcemia
inhibits bone resorption, promotes renal phosphrus loss
dec Ca and Phosphorus
(Vitamin D)
- activation stimulated by what?
- hydroxylated in liver, activated in kidney
- What is its major action?
what block this action?
- net result?
- PTH, low Ca or P
- ^intestinal absorptino of Ca and Phoshoprus
glucocorticoids (dec Vit D receptors)
- ^ Ca and P
Effect of PTH, Calcitonin, and Vit D?
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(Forms of Phosphorus)
- major intracellular anion (ATP, etc)
- most in cells and organic
- What do we measure?
- extracellular (inorganic)
DOES NOT REFLECT TOTAL BODY STORES!!!
(Forms of Calcium)
- Ionized = ?
PTH and calcitonin react to ionized or non-ionized form?
- How much is protein bound?
affected by what?
- How much is complexed to cirtrate/phosphorus
- We routinely measure what?
- bio active form (50%)
ionized
(ionized Ca increased by acidosis (and vv))
- 40-45%
acid/base
- 5-10% in health
- total calcium
(General guidelines)
- interpret Ca/P together
which ∆ is more consistnet?
- what do young animals show?
- Ca
- ^ Ca and P (bone remodeling)
(Low Ca/normal P)
1-3. What are the causes?
- hypoalbuminemia (most common cause in dogs)
dec protein bound Ca
- acute pancreatitis
(P may increase if concurrent dec GFR)
- colic in horses
low albumin, dec GI absorption
dec abs with potential for altered PTH activity
(Low Ca, High P)
- what cause?
(ethylene glycol also causes but we are ignoring that for now )
- primary hypoparatyhroidism
severely decreasd total and ionized
^P due to failure of PTH to promote renal P loss
(Low Ca/Low P)
what 2 causes?
- loss into milk
(most common cause of hypocalcemia in cows (delayed recovery response to milk/fetal bone formation)
- decreased intestial absorption
(malabsorption, anorexia (ruminants), steatorrhea/pancreatitis (dec vit D abs)
generally mild and asymptomatic
(High Ca/normal to low P)
1-2 what two causes?
- primary hyperparathyroidism
dec P (unless Ca causes renal failure)
- Hypercalcemia of malignancy (at first)
more in notes on this…
(high Ca, High P)
- when Ca X P > 60-70 patient at risk for what?
2-3 what two things cause?
- soft tissue mineralization (esp kidney!)
- ^vitamin D (rodenticitde/plant toxicity)
(^Ca can cause 2° renal failure, can lead to mineralization cause Ca X P is high)
- hypoadrenocorticism
(^ionized Ca can be high)
(^P (mild) from dec GFR)
(Normal Ca, ^P)
1-2. What are two causes?
- decreased GFR (pre/renal/post) - most common cause
Ca normal in pre/post, can be anything in normal
- musc or tissue damage (must be massive)
(increased P, K, AST, CK)
(normal Ca, dec P)
???
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