gi and metabolic Flashcards
(glucose)
1-3. what are three sources?
- diet (anorexia NOT a cause of hypoglycemia unless SEVERE)
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
(hyperglycemia)
- what five hormones can cause hyperglycemia?
(twin cities egg)
will low amounts cause hypoglycemia?
- what kind of leukograms often seen with hyperglycemia?
- insulin affect on blood glucose?
- what is more common - hyper or hypo?
- thyroid hormone, cortisol, epinephrine, growth hormone, glucagon
yes
- stress leukograms
- decrease
- hyper (more hormones)
(glucose measurement)
- serum or whole blood
Whole blood is lower why?
- reduced glucose in RBC cytoplasm
(glucose measurement - portable analyzers)
- how well do they work?
- may not work well when glucose high (often underestimate), but precision fine for most
significance: may overestimate control, don’t work for hypoglycemia in ferrets
(glucose measurement)
- blood glucose is highly variable - better to have a long term indicator
- what occurs in hyperglycemia that allows this to be measured?
- what method is used in people (an not animals)?
- what is used in animals?
- non-enzymatic irreversible glycation of proteins
- glycated hemoglobin
too expensive
- fructosamine-glycated protein/albumin
2-3 weeks
hypoproteinemia may dec (interference)
used in cats to differ btwn stress and diabetes
(hypoglycemia)
1-6. What are six causes
SHE SLY
- starvation (more often get low protein)
- hypoadrenocorticism/hypothyroidism (low production)
- excessive use or cellular uptake
- sepsis (mech unclear)
- liver failure (dec liver fx)
- young animals, toy breed (low store, low gluconeogenesis)
(ketones)
- alternative energy source when?
- occurs mostly when?
- ketogenesis occurs in liver from what?
- what are the ketones?
which one is measured? KNOW THIS!
- with glucose scarcity
- during starvation (in some for normal energy needs)
- fatty acids or ketogenic AA
- acetone, acetoacetic acid, b-hydroxybutryate
(ketones)
- in LA ketosis = ?
- is SA ketosis = ?
- metabolic stress
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- if animals have high cholesterol - what kind will it be?
- endogenous cholesterol is produced by what?
- What is activated by insulin and clears circulating lipids?
- is fractionation of cholesterol routinely performed in domestics?
- HINT: in several metabolic disorders, cholesterol and what change in the same direction?
- HDL (the good kind)
- the liver
- lipoprotein lipase
(facilitates transport into cells - esp adipocytes and hepatocytes)
- no
- glucose
(hyperlipemia/hyperlipidemia)
- terms more correctly refer to what?
- triglycerides
(which cause latescence (lipemia) of plasma which cholesterol does not)
(hypocholesterolemia - don’t get hypoTG)
- more or less common than hyper?
2-4. Caused by what three things?
- less
- liver failure/shunt (glucose often also low)
- addison’s (glucose often also low)
(more often atypical addisons (cortico))
(cortico regulate metabolism)
(class addisons - mineralo - regulate electrolytes)
- Protein losing enteropathy (glucose normal - often panhypoproteinemia)
(Hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia)
- post prandial, idiopathic/primary familial diseases
- what is the mech for increase?
- many conditions assoc with ^ also assoc w/ what?
- ^prod and failure of clearance (altered receptor/lipoprotein lipase activity)
- hyperglycemia
(Hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia)
1-7. What are secondary disturbances that cause?
MEMORIZE THIS LIST
Howard Hughes drives diligently past leonard nimoy
- hypothyroidism (T4 needed for lipoprotein lipase activation)
- hyperadrenocorticism
- DM - lipoprotein lipase deficiency
- diet
- pacreatitis
- liver dz w/ post-hepatic cholestasis
- nephrotic syndrome/renal dz
