Minerals Flashcards
North-Eastern Plateau Region
States Covered: Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh. Key Minerals: Iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, mica, copper. Major Sites: - Iron Ore: Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar (Odisha). - Coal: Jharia, Raniganj, Talcher. - Bauxite: Koraput (Odisha). Significance: One of the richest mineral belts, driving India’s steel and power industries.
South-Western Plateau Region
States Covered: Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. Key Minerals: Iron ore, manganese, bauxite, gold, limestone. lacks coal deposits other than Neyveli lignite , Kerela -monazite thorium and bauxite clay
Major Sites: - Iron Ore: Ballari-Hospet (Karnataka), Goa. - Gold: Kolar and Hutti (Karnataka). - Bauxite: Nilgiri Hills (Tamil Nadu). Significance: High-grade iron ore exports and gold mining hub.
North-Western Region
States Covered: Rajasthan, Gujarat(petroleum deposits).
Key Minerals: Copper, zinc, lead, limestone, marble, gypsum, dolomite(raw material in cement industry).
Major Sites: - Copper: Khetri (Rajasthan). - Zinc-Lead: Zawar (Rajasthan). - Limestone & Marble: Makrana, Jaisalmer. Significance: Important for non-ferrous metals and building materials.
Himalayan Belt
States Covered: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand. Key Minerals: Copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, limestone. Major Sites: - Copper: Kullu Valley (Himachal Pradesh). - Gold: Ladakh. - Limestone: Dehradun (Uttarakhand). Assam valley has mineral oil deposit.
Significance: Rich in non-ferrous minerals but less exploited due to difficult terrain.
Western Coastal and Offshore Regions
States Covered: Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala (and offshore regions). Key Minerals: Bauxite, petroleum, manganese, limestone. Major Sites: - Bauxite: Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). - Petroleum: Mumbai High (Arabian Sea). - Manganese: Goa. Significance: Crucial for oil production and export of bauxite and manganese.
Major Iron Ore Deposits in India
India ranks 4th in the world for iron ore production. Major deposits: Odisha (Kendujhar, Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj), Jharkhand (Singhbhum), Chhattisgarh (Durg, Bastar), Karnataka (Ballari, Chitradurga), Goa, and Maharashtra. Largest deposit in asia
Two main type of iron ore found in India
haematite and magnetite
Distribution of Bauxite in India
India is the 5th largest bauxite producer. Major deposits: Odisha (Kalahandi, Koraput), Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Jharkhand. Used for aluminum extraction.
Major Copper Reserves
Found in Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singhbhum), and Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat). India depends heavily on imports for copper.Copper ore is called chalcopyrite
Distribution of Manganese in India
India is the 2nd largest producer of manganese in the world. Found in Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. Used in steel and battery industries.
Significance of Dolomite
Used in steel, glass, fertilizer, and cement industries. Found in Odisha (Sundargarh), Chhattisgarh (Bilaspur, Durg), Jharkhand (Singhbhum), and Rajasthan (Alwar, Bhilwara).
Energy Resources - Conventional
Includes Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Hydroelectricity. These are exhaustible but widely used.
Types of Coal
- Anthracite (Highest quality, found in Jammu & Kashmir) 2. Bituminous (High carbon, found in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal) 3. Lignite (Lower quality, found in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan) 4. Peat (Lowest quality, least carbon).
Major Coalfields in India
Located in Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Son river valleys. Major fields: - Jharia, Bokaro (Jharkhand) - Raniganj (West Bengal) - Korba (Chhattisgarh) - Talcher (Odisha) - Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh)
Petroleum and Oil Reserves
Found in Mumbai High (Offshore), Assam (Digboi, Duliajan), Gujarat (Ankleshwar, Cambay), and Krishna-Godavari Basin.
Natural Gas Reserves
Major reserves in Krishna-Godavari Basin, Mumbai High, Assam, Tripura. Used as a cleaner alternative to coal.
Oil Refineries in India
India has 23 refineries. Major ones: - Jamnagar (Reliance, Gujarat) - Largest in the world - Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) - Haldia (West Bengal) - Barauni (Bihar)
Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Include Solar, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, and Tidal Energy. These are renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.
Wind Energy in India
India ranks 4th globally in wind energy production. Top states: - Tamil Nadu - Gujarat - Maharashtra - Rajasthan
Nuclear Energy in India
Uses uranium and thorium. Major nuclear power plants: - Tarapur (Maharashtra) - First nuclear plant - Kota (Rajasthan) - Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) - Kaiga (Karnataka) - Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu) - Largest
Thorium Reserves in India
India has one of the world’s largest thorium reserves in Kerala’s monazite sands. Ilmenite in Tamil Nadu
Hydroelectric Power in India
India’s major hydropower projects: - Bhakra Nangal (Punjab-Himachal Pradesh) - Tehri (Uttarakhand) - Sardar Sarovar (Gujarat) - Nathpa Jhakri (Himachal Pradesh)
Solar Energy in India
Largest solar parks: - Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan) - Largest in India - Rewa Solar Park (Madhya Pradesh) - Pavagada (Karnataka) - Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park (Andhra Pradesh)
Coal Bed Methane (CBM) in India
CBM is extracted from coal seams. Major CBM fields: - Raniganj (West Bengal) - Jharia (Jharkhand) - Son Valley (Madhya Pradesh) - North Karanpura (Jharkhand)
