Minerals

Question 1

Iron overdose vs. Iron deficiency

Answer 1

iron overdose
-leading cause of poisoning fatalities in children under 6

iron deficiency
-ANEMIA
Severe cases may result in brittle and spoon-shaped nails (Koilonychia)

Question 2

Iodine deficiency disorder vs. acute iodine poisoning

Answer 2

iodine deficiency
-GOITER earliest and most visible signs of iodine deficiency

acute iodine poisoning
-overdose is rare

Question 3

On a cellular level the function of zinc can be divided into 3 categories

Answer 3

-catalytic
-structural (proteins and cell membrane)
-regulatory (binds to DNA and influences the transmission of genes)

Shellfish, nuts, legumes

Question 4

Overdose of Zinc vs. severe zinc deficiency

Answer 4

overdose
-use of galvanized containers. Single doses of 225 to 450 induce omitting. Long-term excesses of zinc result in copper deficiencies

deficiency
-swelling and clouding of the cornea, characterizes skin rashes

Question 5

Which mineral shifts forms in the body

Answer 5

Copper

Copper shifts b/w the cuprous (Cu+1) to cupric (Cu+2) forms.
The majority of the body’s copper is in the (Cu+2) form

This ability allows copper to easily accept and donate electrons contributing to redox reactions and in scavenging free radicals.

Question 6

What essential enzymes need Copper to function

Answer 6

-Lysyl oxidase (maintain CT)
-enzymes that help metabolize iron and contribute to RBC

Question 7

Copper deficiency vs. Copper overdose

Answer 7

deficiency
-may present itself as a form of anemia or in abnormally low numbers of WBC

overdose
-contamination of beverages/water by long-term storage in copper containing containers/pipes.
-Congenital Wilsons disease causes copper overload = kayser-fleischer ring

Question 8

What mineral is stored in the bones, liver, kidney and pancreas?

Answer 8

Manganese

Question 9

Which food is a major source of manganese

Answer 9

Whole grains

Question 10

Which mineral rarely causes side effects when taken orally, but there are numerous symptoms when inhaled?

Answer 10

Manganese

Question 11

Deficiency of manganese in the body can lead to

Answer 11

Infertility and bone malformation.

Since calcium, phosphorus and manganese work together in the body, supplements of manganese may increase as calcium and phosphorus consumption increases.
“Synergy”

Question 12

Why is fluoride considered a trace elements?

Answer 12

Because only small amounts are present in the body. Humans do not require fluoride for life, yet its role in the prevention of tooth decay is well established. Small amounts of fluoride hardens tooth enamel (more resistant to acid) and stabilizes bone minerals

Question 13

At usual intake levels Which mineral does not accumulate in soft tissue, but may accumulate in sclerotic plaques?

Answer 13

Fluoride

Question 14

Major source of fluoride in the US.

Answer 14

Water

-grape juice,
-tea (in its leaves)
-sardines

Question 15

Deficiency of fluoride vs. excessive fluoride

Answer 15

Increase risk of dental caries (tooth decay) for all ages

Xs. Under 6 yoa who ingest more than 2 or 3 times the recommended fluoride intake are at risk of a white specking of the teeth known as dental fluorosis

Question 16

What is the dietary form of chromium

Answer 16

Trivalent chromium = chromium 3

Chromium is important in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates stimulating cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis

Question 17

Which mineral appears to enhance the action of insulin

Answer 17

Chromium 3 (trivalent chromium)

Question 18

Dietary form vs. non dietary form of chromium

Answer 18

Dietary form is good = chromium 3

Non-dietary form is bad = chromium 6 (hexavalent) used for industrial purposes. It is a strong skin irritant and is recognized as a carcinogen when inhaled

Question 19

Excessive chromium intake vs. deficiency

Answer 19

Excessive = no adverse effects from food or supplements

Deficiency = increasing the risk of diabetes
B/c chromium 3 enhances the action of insulin so w/o it you increase the risk of diabetes

Question 20

What are selenoproteins and what mineral is required for their functioning?

Answer 20

Selenoproteins are antioxidants enzymes which prevent cell damage
Selenium is required

Question 21

Which mineral appears to stimulate antibodies after you receive a vaccination ?

Answer 21

Selenium

Question 22

Which mineral protects the body from poisonous effects of heavy metals

Answer 22

Selenium

Question 23

What happened to the calf after it was fed a selenium deficient diet

Answer 23

It died of a heart attack

Question 24

Sources of Selenium

Answer 24

Vegiesss
How much in veggies depends on how much of the mineral was in the soil where the plants grew

Brewers yeast - may cause bloating

Question 25

Selenium overdose vs. deficiency

Answer 25

Too much = selenosis = loss of hair, nail brittleness,
-may increase dental caries

Deficient = rare in U.S yet can occur when
-person is fed through IV line
-Keshan disease = abnormality in heart muscle
-kashin-beck disease = joint and bone disease