Minerals Flashcards
Iron overdose vs. Iron deficiency
iron overdose
-leading cause of poisoning fatalities in children under 6
iron deficiency
-ANEMIA
Severe cases may result in brittle and spoon-shaped nails (Koilonychia)
Iodine deficiency disorder vs. acute iodine poisoning
iodine deficiency
-GOITER earliest and most visible signs of iodine deficiency
acute iodine poisoning
-overdose is rare
On a cellular level the function of zinc can be divided into 3 categories
-catalytic
-structural (proteins and cell membrane)
-regulatory (binds to DNA and influences the transmission of genes)
Shellfish, nuts, legumes
Overdose of Zinc vs. severe zinc deficiency
overdose
-use of galvanized containers. Single doses of 225 to 450 induce omitting. Long-term excesses of zinc result in copper deficiencies
deficiency
-swelling and clouding of the cornea, characterizes skin rashes
Which mineral shifts forms in the body
Copper
Copper shifts b/w the cuprous (Cu+1) to cupric (Cu+2) forms.
The majority of the body’s copper is in the (Cu+2) form
This ability allows copper to easily accept and donate electrons contributing to redox reactions and in scavenging free radicals.
What essential enzymes need Copper to function
-Lysyl oxidase (maintain CT)
-enzymes that help metabolize iron and contribute to RBC
Copper deficiency vs. Copper overdose
deficiency
-may present itself as a form of anemia or in abnormally low numbers of WBC
overdose
-contamination of beverages/water by long-term storage in copper containing containers/pipes.
-Congenital Wilsons disease causes copper overload = kayser-fleischer ring
What mineral is stored in the bones, liver, kidney and pancreas?
Manganese
Which food is a major source of manganese
Whole grains
Which mineral rarely causes side effects when taken orally, but there are numerous symptoms when inhaled?
Manganese
Deficiency of manganese in the body can lead to
Infertility and bone malformation.
Since calcium, phosphorus and manganese work together in the body, supplements of manganese may increase as calcium and phosphorus consumption increases.
“Synergy”
Why is fluoride considered a trace elements?
Because only small amounts are present in the body. Humans do not require fluoride for life, yet its role in the prevention of tooth decay is well established. Small amounts of fluoride hardens tooth enamel (more resistant to acid) and stabilizes bone minerals
At usual intake levels Which mineral does not accumulate in soft tissue, but may accumulate in sclerotic plaques?
Fluoride
Major source of fluoride in the US.
Water
-grape juice,
-tea (in its leaves)
-sardines
Deficiency of fluoride vs. excessive fluoride
Increase risk of dental caries (tooth decay) for all ages
Xs. Under 6 yoa who ingest more than 2 or 3 times the recommended fluoride intake are at risk of a white specking of the teeth known as dental fluorosis
What is the dietary form of chromium
Trivalent chromium = chromium 3
Chromium is important in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates stimulating cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis
Which mineral appears to enhance the action of insulin
Chromium 3 (trivalent chromium)
Dietary form vs. non dietary form of chromium
Dietary form is good = chromium 3
Non-dietary form is bad = chromium 6 (hexavalent) used for industrial purposes. It is a strong skin irritant and is recognized as a carcinogen when inhaled
Excessive chromium intake vs. deficiency
Excessive = no adverse effects from food or supplements
Deficiency = increasing the risk of diabetes
B/c chromium 3 enhances the action of insulin so w/o it you increase the risk of diabetes
What are selenoproteins and what mineral is required for their functioning?
Selenoproteins are antioxidants enzymes which prevent cell damage
Selenium is required
Which mineral appears to stimulate antibodies after you receive a vaccination ?
Selenium
Which mineral protects the body from poisonous effects of heavy metals
Selenium
What happened to the calf after it was fed a selenium deficient diet
It died of a heart attack
Sources of Selenium
Vegiesss
How much in veggies depends on how much of the mineral was in the soil where the plants grew
Brewers yeast - may cause bloating
Selenium overdose vs. deficiency
Too much = selenosis = loss of hair, nail brittleness,
-may increase dental caries
Deficient = rare in U.S yet can occur when
-person is fed through IV line
-Keshan disease = abnormality in heart muscle
-kashin-beck disease = joint and bone disease
