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Animal Nutrition Exam 2 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals are _____ elements

A

inorganic

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2
Q

The most bioavailable form of minerals are called…

A

chelates

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3
Q

What are the general functions of minerals? (5)

A
  1. expression and regulation of genes
  2. aid in activity and function of vitamins
  3. osmotic balance
  4. acid base balance
  5. bone support and growth
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4
Q

What are the factors (5) that mineral requirment is based on

A
  1. age
  2. physiological status (lactating, growing etc)
  3. body storage (was there history of deficiency)
  4. environment (amount of mineral in the environment)
  5. species
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5
Q

Name the macrominerals (7)

A
  1. calcium
  2. phosphorous
  3. sodium
  4. chloride
  5. potassium
  6. magnesium
  7. sulfur
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6
Q

macrominerals are needed as a ______ in the diet

A

%

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7
Q

Microminerals are needed in __________ in the diet

A

ppm (parts per million)

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8
Q

Name the 6 microminerals

A
  1. copper
  2. Iodine
  3. Iron
  4. manganese
  5. selenium
  6. zinc

‘Could I Identify Many Scary Children Mining Zinc’

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9
Q

Where can calcium be found in the body (3)

A

bone, teeth, and muscle

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10
Q

Which mineral is the most common in the body?

A

Calcium

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11
Q

How much of the wet body is made up of bone and teeth?

A

9%

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12
Q

How much of the body’s calcium is found in the muscle?

A

1% - the rest of it is in bone and teeth

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13
Q

What are the functions of calcium in the body? (5)

A
  1. bone development
  2. muscle contractions
  3. blood clotting
  4. acid/base balance
  5. neuromuscular control
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency? (3) Name the most common disease.

A
  1. Parturient Paresis - milk fever
  2. osteomalacia (brittle bones)
  3. rickets (abnormal bone growth)
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15
Q

What are the sources of calcium (2)

A
  1. limestone (CaCO3)
  2. grasses/legumes
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16
Q

What is the second most common mineral in the body?

A

Phosphorous

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17
Q

What are the functions of phosphorous in the body (4)

A
  1. bone growth
  2. phosphoproteins/phospholipids
  3. nucleic acids
  4. glucose-6-phosphate/ATP
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18
Q

What are the symptoms of phosphorous deficiency? (4)

A
  1. bone issues
  2. reduced growth
  3. paralysis
  4. tetany leading to death
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19
Q

What are good sources of phosphorous (3)

A
  1. dicalcium phosphate
  2. oyster shells
  3. meat and bone meal
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20
Q

Calcium and this mineral are associated in the bone matrix

A

phosphorous

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21
Q

This ratio of calcium to phosphorous is best for small animals

A

Ca:P = 1:1

22
Q

This ratio of calcium to phosphorous is best for large animals

A

Ca:P = 2:1

23
Q

This mineral is the third most common in the body

A

Magnesium

24
Q

What are the functions of magnesium in the body (5)

A
  1. bone development
  2. activates enzymes like transfer phosphatases
  3. energy metabolism
  4. CNS
  5. part of chlorophyll (essential for photosynthesis)
25
Q

What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency? (4)

A
  1. hyperirritability
  2. convulsions (this is the HALLMARK of Mg deficiency)
  3. death
  4. vasodilation (BP drop)
26
Q

What are the functions of sulfur in the body

A
  1. structure of skin/hair/wool
  2. amino acid structure (methionine/cysteine)
27
Q

What are the symptoms of sulfur deficiency in sheep?

A
  1. decreased wool quality
  2. decreased bacterial crude protein yield in sheep
28
Q

What are the symptoms of sulfur toxicity in cattle? (1)

A

Poliencephalomalacia (PEM)

29
Q

What is the main source of sulfur in the diet?

A

NaSO4

30
Q

What is the function of Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine in the body

A

They act as electrolytes (e- charged, dissolved substances that maintain ionic balance and keep cells alive)

31
Q

Where are the main locations of sodium, potassium and chlorine relative to the cell?

A

90% of sodium outside the cell
90% of potassium is inside the cell
most Cl is outside the cell (HCl in digestion)

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Na, K and Cl deficiency?

A

Na - animals crave it and will drink urine as a source, stress
K - stress and dehydration
Cl - HCl acid/base imbalance

33
Q

What are the functions of copper in the body (3)

A
  1. RBC formation
  2. reproduction
  3. collagen formation
34
Q

What are the symptoms of copper deficiency in the diet (3)

A
  1. anemia
  2. reproductive loss
  3. changes in coat color and hair pigmentation/rough coat (THIS ONE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT)
35
Q

What are the symptoms of copper toxicity in sheep?

A

RBC hemolysis

36
Q

Where is most of the iron located in the body? (2)

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin

37
Q

What are the functions of iron in the body (3)

A
  1. O2 transport in the body
  2. hemoglobin
  3. cofactor for enzymes
38
Q

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency (2)

A
  1. anemia
  2. thumps (heavy breathing caused by low O2 carrying capacity)
39
Q

What is the function of selenium in the body

A

acts as a peroxidase/antioxidant

40
Q

What are the symptoms of selenium deficiency (2)

A

white muscle disease
infertility

41
Q

What are the symptoms of selenium toxicity? (4)

A
  1. acute death (resp failure)
  2. alkali disease/blind staggers
  3. stiff joints/loss of hair/hoof deformities
  4. white muscle disease (stiff walking with arched back, persistent recumbency, weakness and muscle lesions)
42
Q

Zinc functions in the body (1), and places it’s stored (6)

A
  1. component of insulin (carb metabolism)
  2. liver, bones, hair, wool, skin, feathers
43
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency (3)

A
  1. parakeratosis - skin flaking
  2. decreased bone growth
  3. decreased glucose uptake
44
Q

Iodine function

A

component of thyroxin and triiiodthyronine (THYROID HORMONES)

45
Q

What are the names of the diseases you get by having deficiency or excess of iodine?

A

deficiency of iodine - hypothyroidism
excess of iodine - hyperthyroidism

46
Q

What is the function of molybdenum? What are the symptoms of toxicity?

A

molybdenum is an enzyme cofactor. toxicity inhibits copper absorption and can cause Cu deficiency

47
Q

What is the function of manganese in the body? What are the symptoms of deficiency?

A

manganese is responsible for bone formation

deficiency causes skeletal abnormality, repro failure

48
Q

What is the main symptom of excess manganese in the diet?

A

Fe deficiency

49
Q

What is the function of cobalt in the body? What is the main symptom of cobalt deficiency in ruminants?

A

cobalt is a constituent of vitamin B12

deficiency can cause B12 deficiency, which interferes with the metabolism of volatile fatty acids

50
Q

What are the functions of chromium in the body?

A

it plays a role in glucose metabolism maybe?
in swine it can reduce carcass fat
in cattle it can decrease respiratory failure

51
Q

What are the most commonly deficient minerals

A

Macros - Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium (everything but sulfur and chloride)
Micros - Copper, Iron, Selenium, Zince (Could I Sell Zinc)

Animal Nutrition Exam 2 (6 decks)

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