Minerals Flashcards
Minerals are _____ elements
inorganic
The most bioavailable form of minerals are called…
chelates
What are the general functions of minerals? (5)
- expression and regulation of genes
- aid in activity and function of vitamins
- osmotic balance
- acid base balance
- bone support and growth
What are the factors (5) that mineral requirment is based on
- age
- physiological status (lactating, growing etc)
- body storage (was there history of deficiency)
- environment (amount of mineral in the environment)
- species
Name the macrominerals (7)
- calcium
- phosphorous
- sodium
- chloride
- potassium
- magnesium
- sulfur
macrominerals are needed as a ______ in the diet
%
Microminerals are needed in __________ in the diet
ppm (parts per million)
Name the 6 microminerals
- copper
- Iodine
- Iron
- manganese
- selenium
- zinc
‘Could I Identify Many Scary Children Mining Zinc’
Where can calcium be found in the body (3)
bone, teeth, and muscle
Which mineral is the most common in the body?
Calcium
How much of the wet body is made up of bone and teeth?
9%
How much of the body’s calcium is found in the muscle?
1% - the rest of it is in bone and teeth
What are the functions of calcium in the body? (5)
- bone development
- muscle contractions
- blood clotting
- acid/base balance
- neuromuscular control
What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency? (3) Name the most common disease.
- Parturient Paresis - milk fever
- osteomalacia (brittle bones)
- rickets (abnormal bone growth)
What are the sources of calcium (2)
- limestone (CaCO3)
- grasses/legumes
What is the second most common mineral in the body?
Phosphorous
What are the functions of phosphorous in the body (4)
- bone growth
- phosphoproteins/phospholipids
- nucleic acids
- glucose-6-phosphate/ATP
What are the symptoms of phosphorous deficiency? (4)
- bone issues
- reduced growth
- paralysis
- tetany leading to death
What are good sources of phosphorous (3)
- dicalcium phosphate
- oyster shells
- meat and bone meal
Calcium and this mineral are associated in the bone matrix
phosphorous
This ratio of calcium to phosphorous is best for small animals
Ca:P = 1:1
This ratio of calcium to phosphorous is best for large animals
Ca:P = 2:1
This mineral is the third most common in the body
Magnesium
What are the functions of magnesium in the body (5)
- bone development
- activates enzymes like transfer phosphatases
- energy metabolism
- CNS
- part of chlorophyll (essential for photosynthesis)
What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency? (4)
- hyperirritability
- convulsions (this is the HALLMARK of Mg deficiency)
- death
- vasodilation (BP drop)
What are the functions of sulfur in the body
- structure of skin/hair/wool
- amino acid structure (methionine/cysteine)
What are the symptoms of sulfur deficiency in sheep?
- decreased wool quality
- decreased bacterial crude protein yield in sheep
What are the symptoms of sulfur toxicity in cattle? (1)
Poliencephalomalacia (PEM)
What is the main source of sulfur in the diet?
NaSO4
What is the function of Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine in the body
They act as electrolytes (e- charged, dissolved substances that maintain ionic balance and keep cells alive)
Where are the main locations of sodium, potassium and chlorine relative to the cell?
90% of sodium outside the cell
90% of potassium is inside the cell
most Cl is outside the cell (HCl in digestion)
What are the symptoms of Na, K and Cl deficiency?
Na - animals crave it and will drink urine as a source, stress
K - stress and dehydration
Cl - HCl acid/base imbalance
What are the functions of copper in the body (3)
- RBC formation
- reproduction
- collagen formation
What are the symptoms of copper deficiency in the diet (3)
- anemia
- reproductive loss
- changes in coat color and hair pigmentation/rough coat (THIS ONE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT)
What are the symptoms of copper toxicity in sheep?
RBC hemolysis
Where is most of the iron located in the body? (2)
hemoglobin and myoglobin
What are the functions of iron in the body (3)
- O2 transport in the body
- hemoglobin
- cofactor for enzymes
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency (2)
- anemia
- thumps (heavy breathing caused by low O2 carrying capacity)
What is the function of selenium in the body
acts as a peroxidase/antioxidant
What are the symptoms of selenium deficiency (2)
white muscle disease
infertility
What are the symptoms of selenium toxicity? (4)
- acute death (resp failure)
- alkali disease/blind staggers
- stiff joints/loss of hair/hoof deformities
- white muscle disease (stiff walking with arched back, persistent recumbency, weakness and muscle lesions)
Zinc functions in the body (1), and places it’s stored (6)
- component of insulin (carb metabolism)
- liver, bones, hair, wool, skin, feathers
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency (3)
- parakeratosis - skin flaking
- decreased bone growth
- decreased glucose uptake
Iodine function
component of thyroxin and triiiodthyronine (THYROID HORMONES)
What are the names of the diseases you get by having deficiency or excess of iodine?
deficiency of iodine - hypothyroidism
excess of iodine - hyperthyroidism
What is the function of molybdenum? What are the symptoms of toxicity?
molybdenum is an enzyme cofactor. toxicity inhibits copper absorption and can cause Cu deficiency
What is the function of manganese in the body? What are the symptoms of deficiency?
manganese is responsible for bone formation
deficiency causes skeletal abnormality, repro failure
What is the main symptom of excess manganese in the diet?
Fe deficiency
What is the function of cobalt in the body? What is the main symptom of cobalt deficiency in ruminants?
cobalt is a constituent of vitamin B12
deficiency can cause B12 deficiency, which interferes with the metabolism of volatile fatty acids
What are the functions of chromium in the body?
it plays a role in glucose metabolism maybe?
in swine it can reduce carcass fat
in cattle it can decrease respiratory failure
What are the most commonly deficient minerals
Macros - Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium (everything but sulfur and chloride)
Micros - Copper, Iron, Selenium, Zince (Could I Sell Zinc)
