Mineral Nutrition Flashcards
what is nutrtient ?
chemical present in food for growth and mantainance of its function
what are the two types of nutrients ?
organic
inorganic
organic nutrients contain
carbohydrates , proteins , and fats
inorganic nutrients contain
mineral and ions
what is mineral nutrition ?
study of source, mode of absorption, transport and role of mineral elements in plant growth and development
in the year ________ ________ botanist ________________ grew plant in solution in absence of ___________
in 1860 german botanist julius von sachs grew plant in solution in the absence of soil
the technique of growing plants in soil-less defined nutrients is known as
hydroponics
hydroponics is used in commercial growth of plants such as
tomato , lettuce . cucumber
how many plant elements are discovered ?
105
how many plant elements are recorded out of 105
60
plant accumulates toxic elements like
gold and selenium
plant growing in the area of nuclear test even accumulate
strontium
we can detect mineral elements at even low level of about __________ g/ml
10-⁸ g/ml
how many essential elements are there ?
17 essential elements are there
for essentiality of the mineral the element must be
absolutely necessary otherwise plant is not able to complete its life cycle
it should be specific and not replicable by any other element
it should be directly involved in plant metabolism
on the basis of quantitative requirement of essential elements the are classified in two types
macronutrient
micronutrient
macronutrient are required ____________ per kg of dry matter
more than 10 mmol/kg of dry matter
micronutrients are required ____________ per kg of dry matter
less then 10 mmol/kg of dry matter
macronutrients examples are
C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S
micronutrient examples are
Mo, Ni, Cl, Cu, Fe, B, Mn, Zn
which nutrients form structural components of cell ?
C, H, O, N
which nutrients are constituents of energy related chemical compounds ?
P - constituent of ATP
Mg - constituent of chlrophyll
which nutrient is constituent of chlorophyll ?
Magnesium
which nutrient id constituent of ATP ?
Phosphorous
nutrient which helps in opening and closing of stomata is
k+ [potassium]
what is full form of RUBISCO ?
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
what is the full form of PEP carboxylase ?
phosphophenol pyurvate
which nutrient is the activator of RUBISCO and PEP carboxylase ?
Mg 2+
which nutrient is the activator of alcohol dehydrogenase ?
Zn 2+
which nutrient is the activator of nitrogenase [ N2 cycle] ?
Mo [ molybdenum ]
which nutrient id innvolved in photolysis of water ?
Mn [ manganese ]
examples of beneficial elements are
Si, Se, Co, Na
what is the role macro and micro nutrients in plants ?
permeability of cell membrane
osmotic concentration of cell sap maintainance
buffering action
enzyme activity
electron transport system
what is critical concentration ?
the concentration of the element below which plant growth is retarded.
what do you mean by deficient element ?
the element is said to be deficient if it is present below the concentration level
what is meant by deficiency symptoms ?
the external morphological characters which appear in plants on absence or deficiency of essential elements
what will happen if deficiency symptoms continue ?
it will lead to the death of the plant
what will happen to deficient plant if it is provided with the same deficient element ?
it will stop showing the deficiency symptoms
Deficiency of what leads to chlorosis in plants ?
Mo , N , K , S , Fe , Mg , Mn , Zn
chlorosis occurs due to deficiency of
Mo, N, K, S, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mn, Zn
what is necrosis
death of the tissue
necrosis is caused by deficiency of
Ca, Cu, K, Mg
inhibition of cell division in plants is caused by low level of which nutrient ?
Mo, N, K, S
delay in flowering is caused by deficiency of which nutrient ?
S, N, Mo
stunted growth in plants is caused deficiency of which nutrient ?
Ca, P
stem in plants appear condensed due to deficiency of which nutrient ?
Ca, P
appearance of uneven green and non-green patches on leaves ( molting ) is caused due to deficiency of which nutrient ?
Zn, K
knowledge of deficiency symptoms is essential for
agriculture and horticulture
when deficiency symptoms occur in older organ nutrients are transported from ____________ to _____________
older / senescence part to younger part
nutrients responsible for deficiency symptoms in older parts of plant are
N, P, K, Mg
when nutrients are not transported out of the mature organ and deficiency symptoms appear first in younger part, the nutrients responsible are
Ca, S
nutrients which are mobile in plants and cause deficiency symptoms in older part first are
N, P, K, Mg
nutrients which are immobile in plants and cause deficiency symptoms in younger plants first are
Ca, S
moderate increase in micronutrients causes their
toxicity
moderate decrease in micronutrients causes their
deficiency
toxic level of mineral concentration is caused when ____________
the dry weight of tissue decreases by 10%
Mn toxicity causes
appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins
Mn causes reduction in uptake of
Mg and Fe
Mn competes with _________ for binding with enzymes
Mg
Mn causes decrease in translocation of _________ in shoot apex
Ca²+
symptoms of Mn toxicity occur due to
excess of Mn
deficiency of Mg, Fe and Ca
Mn toxicity is seen on plants growing in ________ soil
acidic soil
to avoid Mn toxicity ___________ is added to the soil
calcium carbonate
nitrogen is mainly absorbed in the form of
NO₃-
Nitrogen is absorbed in which forms ?
NO3-, NO2-, NH4+
Phosphorus is absorbed in which forms ?
HPO₄²- H₂PO₄-
Potassium is absorbed in which forms ?
K+
what is role of nitrogen in plants ?
involved in protein synthesis, hormone, vitamins, nucleic acid and chlorophyll
what are the deficiency symptoms of nitrogen?
chlorosis on older leaves
inhibition of cell division
delayed flowering
nitrogen is present which part of plant
metabolically active cells and meristematic tissue
which is the abundant nutrient required to plants ?
Nitrogen
what is the role of phosphorus in plants ?
constitute of cell membrane, ARP, nucleic acid, nucleotide, NADP required in all phosphorylation
what are the deficiency symptoms of phosphorous ?
chlorosis in older leaves
premature fall of leaves
red or purple spots on leaves
delay in seed germination
phosphorus is present which part of plant ?
developing fruits, seed, storage organ, and young meristem
what is the role of potassium in plants ?
in cation-anion balance, opening-closing of stomata, enzyme activation, protein synthesis, maintain cell turgidity
what are the deficiency symptoms of potassium ?
chlorosis in older leaves
necrosis in older part
loss of apical dominance ( bushy habbit )
lodging in cereals
cotton rust disease
potassium is found in which part of plant ?
most abundantly in meristematic tissue, buds, leaves and root tips
magnesium is absorbed in which form ?
Mg 2+
what is the role of magnesium in plants ?
maintainance of ribosome structure, activate respiration and photosynthetic enzymes, involved in DNA and RNA synthesis, chlorophyll ring structure
what are the deficiency symptoms of magnesium ?
chlorosis in older leaves
necrosis in older leaves
sand brown of tobacco
marginal curling
in which plant part is magnesium found ?
growing part of root, stem and leaves.
in which form is calcium absorbed ?
Ca 2+
what is the role of calcium in plants ?
during cell division
cell wall synthesis [ middle lamella composition]
mitotic spindle formation
chromosomal organisation
regulation for metabolic activities
activation of enzymes
what are the deficiency symptoms of calcium ?
irregular cell division
chlorosis and necrosis in younger leaves
stunted growth
hooking and curing first in younger leaves
black heart of celery
in which plant part is calcium is found ?
in meristematic and differentiating tissues
in which form is sulfur absorbed ?
SO4²-
what is the role of sulpfur in plants ?
component of amino acids - cysteine and methonine
component of vitamin [ thiamine ]
coenzyme - a [ biotin ]
ferrodoxin
what are the deficiency symptoms of sulphur ?
chlorosis in younger part
inhibition of cell division
delayed flowering
reduced nodulation in legumes
tea yellow disease
sulphur is present in which part of plant ?
young leaves and stem
molybdenum is absorbed in which form ?
MoO2 2+ [molybdate ion]
what is the role of molybdenum in plants ?
activate nitrogenase and nitrates , reductase enzyme [N2 cycle]
what are the deficiency symptoms of molybdenum ?
interveinal chlorosis
inhibit cell division
delayed flowering
whiptail disease of cauliflower
disease of bans
molybdenum is present in which parts of the plant ?
all parts and commonly in roots
Nickel is absorbed in which form ?
Ni 2+
what is the of nickel in plants ?
activate urease [breakdown of urea to obtain nitrogen]
what are the deficiency symptoms of nickel ?
slow down N2 metabolism in plants
nickel is present in which parts of the plant ?
leaves and the seeds
chlorine is absorbed in which form ?
Cl - chloride ion
what is the role of chlorine in plants ?
along with Na+ and K+ determine solute concentration
cation and anion balance
splitting of water to liberate oxygen
what are the deficiency symptoms of chlorine ?
disturbed cation anion balance
bronzing in leaves
chlorine in which part of plant ?
all parts of the plant
copper is absorbed in which forms ?
Cu 2+ cupric ion
what is the role of copper in plants ?
essential for overall metabolism u=in plants
innvolved with enzymes of redox reactions
reversible oxidation from Cu+ to Cu2+ ion during electron transport
what are the deficiency symptoms of copper ?
necrosis
exanthena of trees
reclamation in cereals and legumes
die back of citrus
in which part of plant is copper present ?
all parts of plants
in which form is manganese absorbed ?
Mn 2+ manganous ion
what is the role of manganese in plants ?
splitting of water to liberate O2
enzyme activation in [ photosynthetic respiration ]
what are the deficiency symptoms of manganese ?
chlorosis
grey spots on oats
masch spots on pea
in which plant parts is manganese present ?
leaves and seeds
in which form is zinc absorbed ?
Zn 2+
what is the role of zinc in plants ?
activation of carboxylase, carboxylase peptidase, alcohol dehydrole in auxin synthesis
what are the deficiency symptoms of zinc ?
chlorosis
little leaf disease
disease of rice and paddy
whip tip of maize
in which part of plant is zinc present ?
all part of plant
in which form is iron absorbed ?
Fe 3+ [ ferric ion ]
what is the role of iron in plants ?
component of ferrodoxin and cytochromes [ protein innvolved in electron transport ]
essential for chlorophyll synthesis
activate catalase, peroxidase, nitrogenese, reversible oxidation [ Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ ]
what are the deficiency symptoms of iron ?
chlorosis [ interveinal ]
iron is present in which part of plant ?
all parts of plants
require in largest quantities in comparison to other micro nutrients
in which forms is boron absorbed ?
BO3 3- and B4O7 2-
what is the role of boron in plants ?
uptake and utilization of calcium
role in pollen germination
innvovled in cell elongation and differentiation
translocation of carbohydrates [phloem]
what are the deficiency symptoms of boron ?
hollow stem in caulifower
reduced nodulation in legumes
copper leaves
brown heart of turnip
boron is present in which part of the plants ?
leaves and seeds
Absorption / uptake of minerals cell wall to intercellular space points:
it is known as initial phase
soil to intercellular space
appoplastic movement
passive movement
no ATP required
all minerals can pass
rapid uptake of ions into outer free space. cell wall and intercellular space [ non living ]
non specific movement
absorption / uptake of minerals from intercellular space to inner space points:
synplastic movement
ATP required
cross plasma membrane, tonoplast and enter into vaccum
slower uptake
selective / specific
movement of ions is known as
flux
movement of ions into the cells is known as
Influx
movement of ions outside the cells is known as
Efflux
transport of mineral elements occurs through __________ along with water by means of ___________
through xylem by means of transpiration
mineral elements translocates through xylem along water was proved by the presence of ___________ of minerals in xylem sap
radioisotope of minerals
the radioisotopes of the mineral elements used to study transport are called as ____________ this technique is called as ____________
tracer elements
tracer technique
most of the elements are provided to plants for growth and development comes from __________ and _________ of rocks
breakdown and weathering of rocks
soil acts as a reservoir points:
reservoir of water
reservoir of mineral elements
supplies air to the plant roots
harbour nitrogen fixing bacteria which stabilise plants
it acts a site of decomposition
apart from C, H, O ____________ is the principle element of living organisms
nitrogen
N is the constituents of ____________________
amino acids, protein, enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and many other vitamins
why is atmospheric nitrogen not utilisable by the plants ?
because nitrogen is present in the form of N2 i.e 2 N atoms joined by very strong 3 covalent bonds which is not utilisable by the plants
in soil N2 is in ___________ quantity
limited quantity
3 major polls of nitrogen are
atmospheric N
soil nitrogen pool
biomass [living and decaying]
what is nitrogen cycle ?
cycling of nitrogen between 3 pools of nitrogen is called as nitrogen cycle
what is nitrogen fixation ?
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into NH3 by biological or industrial means or into NO3- by electrical means is known as nitrogen fixation
what is nitrification ?
conversion of NH3 into NO3- is known as nitrification
what is ammonification ?
conversion decaying biomass [ plant and animal dead biomass ] nitrogen into soil form is known as ammonification
what is denitrification ?
conversion of soil nitrogen into atmospheric nitrogen is known as denitrification
ammonia is oxidised to nitrite by which bacteria
Nitrococous and Nitrosmonas
the nitrite is oxidised to nitrate by which bacteria
Nitrobacter and Nitrocystis
denitrification is mainly carried out by which bacteria
pseudomonas , thiobacillus and bacillus
what is meant by Diazotrophs
bacteria which are nitrogen fixers are known as Diazotrophs
examples of N2 fixers / Diazotrophs are
bacillus
Azatobacter
Beijernickia
Rhodospirillum
clostridium
chlorobium
