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RAGHAV BIO STUDY > Mineral Nutrition > Flashcards

Mineral Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is nutrtient ?

A

chemical present in food for growth and mantainance of its function

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2
Q

what are the two types of nutrients ?

A

organic
inorganic

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3
Q

organic nutrients contain

A

carbohydrates , proteins , and fats

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4
Q

inorganic nutrients contain

A

mineral and ions

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5
Q

what is mineral nutrition ?

A

study of source, mode of absorption, transport and role of mineral elements in plant growth and development

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6
Q

in the year ________ ________ botanist ________________ grew plant in solution in absence of ___________

A

in 1860 german botanist julius von sachs grew plant in solution in the absence of soil

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7
Q

the technique of growing plants in soil-less defined nutrients is known as

A

hydroponics

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8
Q

hydroponics is used in commercial growth of plants such as

A

tomato , lettuce . cucumber

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9
Q

how many plant elements are discovered ?

A

105

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10
Q

how many plant elements are recorded out of 105

A

60

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11
Q

plant accumulates toxic elements like

A

gold and selenium

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12
Q

plant growing in the area of nuclear test even accumulate

A

strontium

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13
Q

we can detect mineral elements at even low level of about __________ g/ml

A

10-⁸ g/ml

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14
Q

how many essential elements are there ?

A

17 essential elements are there

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15
Q

for essentiality of the mineral the element must be

A

absolutely necessary otherwise plant is not able to complete its life cycle
it should be specific and not replicable by any other element
it should be directly involved in plant metabolism

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16
Q

on the basis of quantitative requirement of essential elements the are classified in two types

A

macronutrient
micronutrient

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17
Q

macronutrient are required ____________ per kg of dry matter

A

more than 10 mmol/kg of dry matter

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18
Q

micronutrients are required ____________ per kg of dry matter

A

less then 10 mmol/kg of dry matter

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19
Q

macronutrients examples are

A

C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

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20
Q

micronutrient examples are

A

Mo, Ni, Cl, Cu, Fe, B, Mn, Zn

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21
Q

which nutrients form structural components of cell ?

A

C, H, O, N

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22
Q

which nutrients are constituents of energy related chemical compounds ?

A

P - constituent of ATP
Mg - constituent of chlrophyll

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23
Q

which nutrient is constituent of chlorophyll ?

A

Magnesium

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24
Q

which nutrient id constituent of ATP ?

A

Phosphorous

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25
Q

nutrient which helps in opening and closing of stomata is

A

k+ [potassium]

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26
Q

what is full form of RUBISCO ?

A

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

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27
Q

what is the full form of PEP carboxylase ?

A

phosphophenol pyurvate

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28
Q

which nutrient is the activator of RUBISCO and PEP carboxylase ?

A

Mg 2+

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29
Q

which nutrient is the activator of alcohol dehydrogenase ?

A

Zn 2+

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30
Q

which nutrient is the activator of nitrogenase [ N2 cycle] ?

A

Mo [ molybdenum ]

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31
Q

which nutrient id innvolved in photolysis of water ?

A

Mn [ manganese ]

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32
Q

examples of beneficial elements are

A

Si, Se, Co, Na

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33
Q

what is the role macro and micro nutrients in plants ?

A

permeability of cell membrane
osmotic concentration of cell sap maintainance
buffering action
enzyme activity
electron transport system

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34
Q

what is critical concentration ?

A

the concentration of the element below which plant growth is retarded.

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35
Q

what do you mean by deficient element ?

A

the element is said to be deficient if it is present below the concentration level

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36
Q

what is meant by deficiency symptoms ?

A

the external morphological characters which appear in plants on absence or deficiency of essential elements

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37
Q

what will happen if deficiency symptoms continue ?

A

it will lead to the death of the plant

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38
Q

what will happen to deficient plant if it is provided with the same deficient element ?

A

it will stop showing the deficiency symptoms

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39
Q

Deficiency of what leads to chlorosis in plants ?

A

Mo , N , K , S , Fe , Mg , Mn , Zn

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40
Q

chlorosis occurs due to deficiency of

A

Mo, N, K, S, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mn, Zn

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41
Q

what is necrosis

A

death of the tissue

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42
Q

necrosis is caused by deficiency of

A

Ca, Cu, K, Mg

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43
Q

inhibition of cell division in plants is caused by low level of which nutrient ?

A

Mo, N, K, S

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44
Q

delay in flowering is caused by deficiency of which nutrient ?

A

S, N, Mo

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45
Q

stunted growth in plants is caused deficiency of which nutrient ?

A

Ca, P

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46
Q

stem in plants appear condensed due to deficiency of which nutrient ?

A

Ca, P

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47
Q

appearance of uneven green and non-green patches on leaves ( molting ) is caused due to deficiency of which nutrient ?

A

Zn, K

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48
Q

knowledge of deficiency symptoms is essential for

A

agriculture and horticulture

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49
Q

when deficiency symptoms occur in older organ nutrients are transported from ____________ to _____________

A

older / senescence part to younger part

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50
Q

nutrients responsible for deficiency symptoms in older parts of plant are

A

N, P, K, Mg

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51
Q

when nutrients are not transported out of the mature organ and deficiency symptoms appear first in younger part, the nutrients responsible are

A

Ca, S

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52
Q

nutrients which are mobile in plants and cause deficiency symptoms in older part first are

A

N, P, K, Mg

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53
Q

nutrients which are immobile in plants and cause deficiency symptoms in younger plants first are

A

Ca, S

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54
Q

moderate increase in micronutrients causes their

A

toxicity

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55
Q

moderate decrease in micronutrients causes their

A

deficiency

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56
Q

toxic level of mineral concentration is caused when ____________

A

the dry weight of tissue decreases by 10%

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57
Q

Mn toxicity causes

A

appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins

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58
Q

Mn causes reduction in uptake of

A

Mg and Fe

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59
Q

Mn competes with _________ for binding with enzymes

A

Mg

60
Q

Mn causes decrease in translocation of _________ in shoot apex

A

Ca²+

61
Q

symptoms of Mn toxicity occur due to

A

excess of Mn
deficiency of Mg, Fe and Ca

62
Q

Mn toxicity is seen on plants growing in ________ soil

A

acidic soil

63
Q

to avoid Mn toxicity ___________ is added to the soil

A

calcium carbonate

64
Q

nitrogen is mainly absorbed in the form of

A

NO₃-

65
Q

Nitrogen is absorbed in which forms ?

A

NO3-, NO2-, NH4+

66
Q

Phosphorus is absorbed in which forms ?

A

HPO₄²- H₂PO₄-

67
Q

Potassium is absorbed in which forms ?

A

K+

68
Q

what is role of nitrogen in plants ?

A

involved in protein synthesis, hormone, vitamins, nucleic acid and chlorophyll

69
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of nitrogen?

A

chlorosis on older leaves
inhibition of cell division
delayed flowering

70
Q

nitrogen is present which part of plant

A

metabolically active cells and meristematic tissue

71
Q

which is the abundant nutrient required to plants ?

A

Nitrogen

72
Q

what is the role of phosphorus in plants ?

A

constitute of cell membrane, ARP, nucleic acid, nucleotide, NADP required in all phosphorylation

73
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of phosphorous ?

A

chlorosis in older leaves
premature fall of leaves
red or purple spots on leaves
delay in seed germination

74
Q

phosphorus is present which part of plant ?

A

developing fruits, seed, storage organ, and young meristem

75
Q

what is the role of potassium in plants ?

A

in cation-anion balance, opening-closing of stomata, enzyme activation, protein synthesis, maintain cell turgidity

76
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of potassium ?

A

chlorosis in older leaves
necrosis in older part
loss of apical dominance ( bushy habbit )
lodging in cereals
cotton rust disease

77
Q

potassium is found in which part of plant ?

A

most abundantly in meristematic tissue, buds, leaves and root tips

78
Q

magnesium is absorbed in which form ?

A

Mg 2+

79
Q

what is the role of magnesium in plants ?

A

maintainance of ribosome structure, activate respiration and photosynthetic enzymes, involved in DNA and RNA synthesis, chlorophyll ring structure

80
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of magnesium ?

A

chlorosis in older leaves
necrosis in older leaves
sand brown of tobacco
marginal curling

81
Q

in which plant part is magnesium found ?

A

growing part of root, stem and leaves.

82
Q

in which form is calcium absorbed ?

A

Ca 2+

83
Q

what is the role of calcium in plants ?

A

during cell division
cell wall synthesis [ middle lamella composition]
mitotic spindle formation
chromosomal organisation
regulation for metabolic activities
activation of enzymes

84
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of calcium ?

A

irregular cell division
chlorosis and necrosis in younger leaves
stunted growth
hooking and curing first in younger leaves
black heart of celery

85
Q

in which plant part is calcium is found ?

A

in meristematic and differentiating tissues

86
Q

in which form is sulfur absorbed ?

A

SO4²-

87
Q

what is the role of sulpfur in plants ?

A

component of amino acids - cysteine and methonine
component of vitamin [ thiamine ]
coenzyme - a [ biotin ]
ferrodoxin

88
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of sulphur ?

A

chlorosis in younger part
inhibition of cell division
delayed flowering
reduced nodulation in legumes
tea yellow disease

89
Q

sulphur is present in which part of plant ?

A

young leaves and stem

90
Q

molybdenum is absorbed in which form ?

A

MoO2 2+ [molybdate ion]

91
Q

what is the role of molybdenum in plants ?

A

activate nitrogenase and nitrates , reductase enzyme [N2 cycle]

92
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of molybdenum ?

A

interveinal chlorosis
inhibit cell division
delayed flowering
whiptail disease of cauliflower
disease of bans

93
Q

molybdenum is present in which parts of the plant ?

A

all parts and commonly in roots

94
Q

Nickel is absorbed in which form ?

A

Ni 2+

95
Q

what is the of nickel in plants ?

A

activate urease [breakdown of urea to obtain nitrogen]

96
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of nickel ?

A

slow down N2 metabolism in plants

97
Q

nickel is present in which parts of the plant ?

A

leaves and the seeds

98
Q

chlorine is absorbed in which form ?

A

Cl - chloride ion

99
Q

what is the role of chlorine in plants ?

A

along with Na+ and K+ determine solute concentration
cation and anion balance
splitting of water to liberate oxygen

100
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of chlorine ?

A

disturbed cation anion balance
bronzing in leaves

101
Q

chlorine in which part of plant ?

A

all parts of the plant

102
Q

copper is absorbed in which forms ?

A

Cu 2+ cupric ion

103
Q

what is the role of copper in plants ?

A

essential for overall metabolism u=in plants
innvolved with enzymes of redox reactions
reversible oxidation from Cu+ to Cu2+ ion during electron transport

104
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of copper ?

A

necrosis
exanthena of trees
reclamation in cereals and legumes
die back of citrus

105
Q

in which part of plant is copper present ?

A

all parts of plants

106
Q

in which form is manganese absorbed ?

A

Mn 2+ manganous ion

107
Q

what is the role of manganese in plants ?

A

splitting of water to liberate O2
enzyme activation in [ photosynthetic respiration ]

108
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of manganese ?

A

chlorosis
grey spots on oats
masch spots on pea

109
Q

in which plant parts is manganese present ?

A

leaves and seeds

110
Q

in which form is zinc absorbed ?

A

Zn 2+

111
Q

what is the role of zinc in plants ?

A

activation of carboxylase, carboxylase peptidase, alcohol dehydrole in auxin synthesis

112
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of zinc ?

A

chlorosis
little leaf disease
disease of rice and paddy
whip tip of maize

113
Q

in which part of plant is zinc present ?

A

all part of plant

114
Q

in which form is iron absorbed ?

A

Fe 3+ [ ferric ion ]

115
Q

what is the role of iron in plants ?

A

component of ferrodoxin and cytochromes [ protein innvolved in electron transport ]
essential for chlorophyll synthesis
activate catalase, peroxidase, nitrogenese, reversible oxidation [ Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ ]

116
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of iron ?

A

chlorosis [ interveinal ]

117
Q

iron is present in which part of plant ?

A

all parts of plants
require in largest quantities in comparison to other micro nutrients

118
Q

in which forms is boron absorbed ?

A

BO3 3- and B4O7 2-

119
Q

what is the role of boron in plants ?

A

uptake and utilization of calcium
role in pollen germination
innvovled in cell elongation and differentiation
translocation of carbohydrates [phloem]

120
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of boron ?

A

hollow stem in caulifower
reduced nodulation in legumes
copper leaves
brown heart of turnip

121
Q

boron is present in which part of the plants ?

A

leaves and seeds

122
Q

Absorption / uptake of minerals cell wall to intercellular space points:

A

it is known as initial phase
soil to intercellular space
appoplastic movement
passive movement
no ATP required
all minerals can pass
rapid uptake of ions into outer free space. cell wall and intercellular space [ non living ]
non specific movement

123
Q

absorption / uptake of minerals from intercellular space to inner space points:

A

synplastic movement
ATP required
cross plasma membrane, tonoplast and enter into vaccum
slower uptake
selective / specific

124
Q

movement of ions is known as

A

flux

125
Q

movement of ions into the cells is known as

A

Influx

126
Q

movement of ions outside the cells is known as

A

Efflux

127
Q

transport of mineral elements occurs through __________ along with water by means of ___________

A

through xylem by means of transpiration

128
Q

mineral elements translocates through xylem along water was proved by the presence of ___________ of minerals in xylem sap

A

radioisotope of minerals

129
Q

the radioisotopes of the mineral elements used to study transport are called as ____________ this technique is called as ____________

A

tracer elements
tracer technique

130
Q

most of the elements are provided to plants for growth and development comes from __________ and _________ of rocks

A

breakdown and weathering of rocks

131
Q

soil acts as a reservoir points:

A

reservoir of water
reservoir of mineral elements
supplies air to the plant roots
harbour nitrogen fixing bacteria which stabilise plants
it acts a site of decomposition

132
Q

apart from C, H, O ____________ is the principle element of living organisms

A

nitrogen

133
Q

N is the constituents of ____________________

A

amino acids, protein, enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and many other vitamins

134
Q

why is atmospheric nitrogen not utilisable by the plants ?

A

because nitrogen is present in the form of N2 i.e 2 N atoms joined by very strong 3 covalent bonds which is not utilisable by the plants

135
Q

in soil N2 is in ___________ quantity

A

limited quantity

136
Q

3 major polls of nitrogen are

A

atmospheric N
soil nitrogen pool
biomass [living and decaying]

137
Q

what is nitrogen cycle ?

A

cycling of nitrogen between 3 pools of nitrogen is called as nitrogen cycle

138
Q

what is nitrogen fixation ?

A

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into NH3 by biological or industrial means or into NO3- by electrical means is known as nitrogen fixation

139
Q

what is nitrification ?

A

conversion of NH3 into NO3- is known as nitrification

140
Q

what is ammonification ?

A

conversion decaying biomass [ plant and animal dead biomass ] nitrogen into soil form is known as ammonification

141
Q

what is denitrification ?

A

conversion of soil nitrogen into atmospheric nitrogen is known as denitrification

142
Q

ammonia is oxidised to nitrite by which bacteria

A

Nitrococous and Nitrosmonas

143
Q

the nitrite is oxidised to nitrate by which bacteria

A

Nitrobacter and Nitrocystis

144
Q

denitrification is mainly carried out by which bacteria

A

pseudomonas , thiobacillus and bacillus

145
Q

what is meant by Diazotrophs

A

bacteria which are nitrogen fixers are known as Diazotrophs

146
Q

examples of N2 fixers / Diazotrophs are

A

bacillus
Azatobacter
Beijernickia
Rhodospirillum
clostridium
chlorobium

RAGHAV BIO STUDY (15 decks)

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