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RAGHAV BIO STUDY > Body Fluids and Circulation > Flashcards

Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

body is made of ____ % fluid and ____ % solid

A

70 % fluid and 30 % solid

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2
Q

out of ____ % solid content ____ % is inorganic compounds and _____ % is organic compound

A

30 % solid content 6% is inorganic and 24% is organic

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3
Q

how much part of total fluid is extracellular fluid?

A

1/3 part of total fluid

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4
Q

what is the single largest constituent in the body ?

A

water

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5
Q

extracellular fluid is total _____ liters

A

16 liters

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6
Q

lymph is _____ liters

A

10 liters

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7
Q

blood is ______ liters

A

5 liters

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8
Q

auxiliary fluid is ______ liters

A

1 liters

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9
Q

auxiliary fluid contains which fluids ?

A

CSF, pericardial, pleural fluid

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10
Q

intracellular fluid is ______ liters ?

A

29 liters

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11
Q

body fluids is present in two compartments which are

A

inside the cell and outside the cell

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12
Q

most abundant intracellular cation is ?

A

pottasium

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13
Q

most abundant intracellular anion is ?

A

phosphate

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14
Q

most abundant intercellular cation is ?

A

sodium

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15
Q

most abundant intercellular anion is ?

A

chlorine

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16
Q

which barriers sperate intracellular fluid from the surrounding interstitial fluid ?

A

plasma membrane of individual cell

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17
Q

plasma membrane is _________ barrier

A

selectively permeable

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18
Q

__________ pumps work continuously to maintain different concentration of certain ions in ___________ and ___________

A

active transport pumps
in cytosol and interstitial fluid

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19
Q

interstitial fluid and plasma is divide by

A

blood wall

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20
Q

blood wall divides ________ and _________ only in _______

A

interstitial fluid and plasma only in capillaries

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21
Q

plasma membrane divides _________ and __________

A

intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid

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22
Q

heart —-> _______ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> heart

A

heart > artery > arteriole > capillary > venule > vein > heart

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23
Q

smallest blood vessel is

A

blood capillaries

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24
Q

tissue fluid is collected by _______

A

lymphatic capillary

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25
Q

tissue fluid —-> _______ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> ________ —-> ________ —-> ________ —-> blood

A

tissue fluid > lymphatic capillary > lymphatic vessel > vein > RA > RV > lungs > LA > LV > systemic circulation > blood

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26
Q

interstitial fluid is also called as

A

lymph and tissue fluid

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27
Q

site for gaseous exchange of gas, nutrients, waste, ions etc…. is

A

blood capillary

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28
Q

2 types of circulation are

A

intracytoplasmic
extracytoplasmic

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29
Q

streaming of cytoplasm in intracytoplasmic circulation is called

A

cyclosis

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30
Q

intracytoplasmic circulation is present in

A

unicellular organism

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31
Q

extracytoplasmic circulation is found in

A

multicellular organism

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32
Q

extracytoplasmic circulation is divided in two parts

A

water canal system
vascular system ( having vessel )

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33
Q

vascular system is divided in three parts

A

water vascular system ( echinoderms )
blood vascular system
lymph vascular system

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34
Q

blood vascular system is of two types

A

open
closed

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35
Q

closed blood vascular system is divided in two types

A

single circulation
double circulation

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36
Q

double closed blood vascular system is divided in two types

A

pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation

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37
Q

double closed systemic blood circulation is divided in two types

A

portal circulation
coronary circulation

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38
Q

portal circulation is divided in two types

A

hepatic portal system
hypothalamo - hypophyseal circulation

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39
Q

why is blood special connective tissue ?

A

due to presence of fluid matrix [plasma] that can transport substances through out the body

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40
Q

the cardio vascular system consist of three interveinal components

A

blood, heart and blood vessels

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41
Q

the branch of science that is concerned with blood, blood forming tissues, and disorders associated with it is known as

A

Hematology

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42
Q

blood is a special connective tissue that consist of cells surrounded by

A

liquid extracellular matrix

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43
Q

the extracellular fluids that surrounds the blood and its suspended various cells and cell fragments is known as

A

blood plasma

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44
Q

temp of blood is

A

37 *C

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45
Q

pH of the blood is

A

7.4

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46
Q

volume of the blood is

A

5-5.5 liters

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47
Q

when blood is saturated with oxygen its colour is

A

bright red

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48
Q

when blood is not saturated with oxygen its colour is

A

dark red

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49
Q

______ % of total blood is plasma ?

A

55 %

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50
Q

what are the main functions of the blood

A

transportation and regulation

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51
Q

blood transports _______________ from one part of the body to the other part of the body

A

gases, hormones, nutrients and waste products

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52
Q

circulating blood helps maintain _________ of the all the body fluids

A

Homeostasis

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53
Q

blood helps regulate the pH through the use of _________

A

buffers

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54
Q

plasma is ________ coloured liquid ?

A

straw coloured

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55
Q

bloods osmotic pressure influences the _________ of the cells mainly through the interactions of dissolved _______________

A

influences the water content through the interaction of dissolved ions and proteins

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56
Q

white blood cells protect the blood from

A

pathogens

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57
Q

several type of blood protein including ___________ help protect against disease in variety of ways

A

antibodies interferons

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58
Q

_______________ prevents excessive loss of blood

A

blood clots

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59
Q

blood plasma is _________ % water and ________ % solutes

A

90 - 92 % water
6 - 8 % solutes

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60
Q

most of the solutes of the blood plasma are _________ ?

A

proteins

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61
Q

most of the plasma are synthesized by

A

hepatocytes ( liver cells )

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62
Q

plasma protein includes

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

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63
Q

which protein is not synthesized by hepatocytes ?

A

gamma - globulin

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64
Q

blood/plasma protein enters into blood circulation via _____________

A

hepatic portal system

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65
Q

fibrinogen plays essential role in

A

blood clotting

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66
Q

gamma globulins are also known as

A

immunoglobulins and antibodies

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67
Q

gamma globulins helps attack _____________

A

virus and bacteria

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68
Q

what is transported by alpha and beta globulin ?

A

iron, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins

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69
Q

antibodies are _________proteins in nature

A

glycoproteins

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70
Q

antibodies are ________ shaped structures

A

Y shaped

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71
Q

antibodies are which state of proteins ( primary , secondary , tertiary etc…. ? )

A

tertiary state

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72
Q

antibodies have ________ chains

A

4 chains

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73
Q

antibodies have ___________ heavy and ___________ light chains

A

2 heavy and 2 light chains

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74
Q

smallest plasma protein is

A

albumin

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75
Q

most numerous plasma protein is

A

albumin

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76
Q

albumin helps maintain __________

A

osmotic pressure

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77
Q

positively charged electrolytes are

A

Na+ , Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , K+

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78
Q

negatively charged electrolytes are

A

Cl- , HPO4 2- , SO4 2- , HCO3 -

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79
Q

electrolytes helps in

A

osmotic pressure and essential role in cell functions

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80
Q

catalyzation of chemical reactions is done by which solute of blood plasma ?

A

enzymes

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81
Q

regulation of metabolism, growth, and development is done by which solutes of blood plasma ?

A

hormones

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82
Q

which blood plasma solute is a cofactor for enzymatic reactions ?

A

vitamins

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83
Q

blood plasma solutes that are waste products are

A

urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia

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84
Q

how much urea is excreted per day ?

A

25 - 30 grams

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85
Q

what are cofactors ?

A

organic/inorganic substance which enhance catalytic efficiency of enzyme

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86
Q

examples of cofactors

A

riboflavin and niacin are vitamins

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87
Q

factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are present in the ___________ in _____________ form.

A

present in the plasma in an inactive form

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88
Q

plasma without the clotting factors is called as ?

A

serum

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89
Q

does serum clot ?

A

no

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90
Q

what does serum contain ?

A

antibodies

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91
Q

blood = _________ + ___________

A

plasma + formed elements

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92
Q

plasma = ________ + ___________

A

serum + clotting factors

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93
Q

serum = ________ - _________

A

plasma - clotting factors

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94
Q

study of serum is called as ?

A

serology

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95
Q

the process by which the formed elements develope is known as

A

hemopoiesis

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96
Q

hemopoiesis is also known as

A

hematopoiesis

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97
Q

before birth hemopoiesis first occurs in __________ in embyo

A

yolk sac

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98
Q

in fetus hematopoiesis is done by _________

A

liver and spleen

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99
Q

primary site of hemopoiesis is

A

red bone marrow

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100
Q

red bone marrow is located in

A

long bone epiphysis and flat bone

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101
Q

flat bone examples are

A

cranial bone , ribs sternum , scapula

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102
Q

formation of RBC is known as

A

erythropoiesis

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103
Q

a healthy man on an average has ____________ RBC/mm3

A

5 - 5.5 million

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104
Q

which element is most abundant of all blood cells ?

A

RBC

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105
Q

RBC are _________ nucleus

A

devoid of nucleus

106
Q

RBC have a ___________ shape

A

biconcave

107
Q

camel and llama RBC is ___________ shaped

A

oval

108
Q

why do the immature RBC contain nucleus but the mature ones do not ?

A

because RBC is involved in gaseous transport so , to accommodate more of the gases mature RBC do not contain nucleus and cell organelle

109
Q

RBC has red coloured iron containing complex protein called

A

haemoglobin

110
Q

a healthy individual has _________ gm of haemoglobin in 100ml of blood

A

12 - 16 gm

111
Q

RBC has an average life span of __________ days

A

120 days

112
Q

RBC are destroyed in

A

spleen

113
Q

spleen acts as a ______________ and _______________ for RBC

A

destroyer and large reservoir of RBC

114
Q

100 ml of blood carries _________ ml of O2

A

20 ml

115
Q

100 ml of blood carries ___________ gm of Hb

A

15 gm

116
Q

1gm of Hb carries _______ ml of O2

A

1.34 ml

117
Q

out of the 20 ml of O2 at rest ________ ml is in tissue and __________ ml is in veins

A

5 ml in tissues and 15 ml in veins

118
Q

RBC are ________ discs

A

biconcave

119
Q

RBC have a diameter of __________ µm

A

7 - 8 µm

120
Q

RBC lack ___________ and have ____________ respiration

A

mitochondria and have anerobic respiration

121
Q

in hemoglobin, heme is

A

non protein

122
Q

in hemoglobin, globin is

A

protein

123
Q

globin has 4 chains

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chain

124
Q

HbCO is known as

A

carboxyhemoglobin

125
Q

HbCO2 is known as

A

carbaminohemoglobin

126
Q

where does CO2 attach on hemoglobin ?

A

on the beta chain of the globin

127
Q

where does CO and O2 attach on hemoglobin

A

on the heme part

128
Q

why is HbCO2 called as carbaminohemoglobin ?

A

because CO2 attaches at N-C bond of the beta chain which is amino[N] and carboxy[C] bond

129
Q

Hb-A has 4 chains ___________ and ___________

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

130
Q

Hb-F has 4 chains ___________ and ___________

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

131
Q

Hb-F is ________ efficient than Hb-A in transport of O2

A

more efficent

132
Q

total heme in Hb =

A

4

133
Q

total Fe 2+ in Hb =

A

4

134
Q

total ______ O2 molecules bind with Hb reversibily

A

4 O2 molecules

135
Q

Fe 3+ gets converted into Fe 2+ on the action of ________

A

HCL

136
Q

what is Achlorohydria ?

A

no secretion of HCL

137
Q

Hb with Fe 3+ is called as

A

Methmoglobin [ Met-Hb]

138
Q

Met-Hb leads to which disease

A

Methmoglobenemia which will cause blue baby syndrome

139
Q

nitrate and nitrite contaminated water leads to which disease ?

A

blue baby syndrome

140
Q

blue baby syndrome is also also known as

A

blue body syndrome or cyanosis

141
Q

deficiency of Hb causes

A

anemia

142
Q

Fe deficiency causes

A

iron deficiency anemia

143
Q

vitamin B-9 deficiency leads to

A

megaloblastic / folate deficiency anemia

144
Q

vitamin B-9 is also known as

A

folic acid

145
Q

deficiency of vitamin B-12 leads to

A

pernicious anemia or microcystic anemia [ autoimmune disorder]

146
Q

Study of blood vascular system is known as

A

Angiology

147
Q

What is plasma membrane of blood known as

A

Donnan’s membrane

148
Q

pernicious anemia is _______________ disorder

A

autoimmune disorder

149
Q

hormones responsible for synthesis of RBC are

A

erythropoetin - kidney
testosteron - testes
thyroxine - thyroid gland
cortisol - adrenal cortex
IGF [ insulin like growth factor ] - anterior pitutary

150
Q

increase in no. of RBC is known as

A

polycythaemia or erythrocytosis

151
Q

decrease in no. of RBC is known as

A

erythrocytopneia

152
Q

decrease in hemoglobin is known as

A

anemia

153
Q

formation of WBC is known as

A

leucopoesis

154
Q

colour of WBC is

A

colourless

155
Q

do WBC have nucleus

A

yes they are nucleated

156
Q

no. of WBC is

A

6000 to 8000

157
Q

diameter of WBC is

A

12 - 20 micrometer

158
Q

lifespan of WBC is

A

generally short lived [ from few hours to maybe few days ]

159
Q

in in WBC is known as

A

Leucocytosis

160
Q

decrease in no. of WBC is known as

A

Leucocytopneia

161
Q

blood cancer is called as

A

leukemia

162
Q

WBC are divided in two parts

A

granulocytes
agranulocytes

163
Q

granulocytes contain

A

neutrophills
eosinophills
basophills

164
Q

argranulocytes contain

A

lymphoctes
monocytes

165
Q

lymphocytes contain

A

B- lymphocytes
T - lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

166
Q

neutrophills are also known as

A

poly morphonuclear leucocyte

167
Q

neutrophill nucleus is

A

multilobed

168
Q

most abundant WBC / leucocyte is

A

Neutrophills

169
Q

neutrphills are ________ % WBC

A

60 - 65 % WBC

170
Q

neutrphills undergo _____________ which allows them to migrate towards sited of infection or inflammation

A

amoeboid movement

171
Q

neutrophills are ___________ capable of ingesting microrganisms

A

phagocytes

172
Q

basophill nucleus is ___________

A

trilobed

173
Q

basophills can be stained by a

A

basic dye [ methylene blue ]

174
Q

basophills secretes

A

histamine - vasodialator
serotonin - vasoconstrictor
heparin - anti coagulant [ mucopoly saccharide ]

175
Q

basophills in which kind of reactions and infections ?

A

allergeic Rxns
inflammatory Rxns
parasitic infections

176
Q

basophills have surface for ____________ which gives feedback to basophills

A

IgE

177
Q

eosinophilsls have ___________ nucleus

A

bilobed nucleus

178
Q

eosinophills are ______________ % WBC

A

2 - 3 % WBC

179
Q

eosinophills can be satined by

A

acidic dye [ eosin dye ]

180
Q

eosinophills are innvolved in ___________ reactions

A

allergic reactions

181
Q

eosinophills work against _____________ infections

A

helminthic infections
viral infections

182
Q

basophils work against which kind of parasite ?

A

unicelluar parasite

183
Q

eosinophills work against which type of parasite ?

A

multicellular parasite

184
Q

monocyte are ___________ % WBC

A

6 - 8 % WBC

185
Q

monocyte has _____________ nucleus

A

largest nucleus

186
Q

shape of monocyte nucleus is

A

kidney or horseshoe shaped

187
Q

monocyte undergo ____________ movement which allow them to migrate towards sites of infection or inflammation

A

amoeboid movement

188
Q

which WBC are phagocytic and show diapedisis

A

neutophils and monocyte

189
Q

monocyte can differentiate into _________ and __________

A

macrophage and dendritic cells

190
Q

both macrophage and cells are __________ in nature

A

phagocytic in nature

191
Q

lymphocyte are ______________ % in total WBC

A

20 - 25 % WBC

192
Q

the main function of lymphocyte is to _____________

A

produce antibodies and protect against virus, bacteria and toxins

193
Q

T - cells are sythesised by _____________ and during which period

A

bone marrow during fetal period

194
Q

T - cells are matured, differentiated, and stored in ____________

A

thymus [ under the hormone thymosine ]

195
Q

primary lymphoid organ are

A

red bone marrow [ first priority ] and thymus

196
Q

The organs which undergo formation maturations of lymphocytes are known as

A

primary lymphoid organs

197
Q

lymphocyte becomes effector cells in __________ organ

A

secondary lymphoid organ

198
Q

secondary lymphoid organs are

A

spleen [ main secondary organ ]
lymph nodes
tonsils
peyer’s patches
vermiform appendix

199
Q

all lymphocytes are produced from ___________ and become effector cells in ___________

A

produced from red bone marrow and effector cells in secondary lymphoid organs

200
Q

B - lymphocytes mature in ____________ whereas T - lymphocyte matures in __________

A

B - lympho = bonemarrow
T - lympho = thymus

201
Q

red bone marrow and thymus are

A

primary lymphoid organs

202
Q

B - lymphocyte further develope into _____________ and _____________ in secondary lymphoid organs

A

plasma B - cells and memory B cells

203
Q

plasma B cells secretes ___________

A

antibodies

204
Q

what is the work of memory B cells ?

A

to store information about the antigen

205
Q

B cells forms ____________________ immunity

A

humoral mediated immunity

206
Q

T cells forms ______________ immunity

A

cell mediated immunity

207
Q

types of T cells are

A

T helper - deals with virus infected cells
T cytotoxic - deals with virus infected cells
T suppressor / regulatory - forms immunological boundary
T memory - stores information

208
Q

what is the role of natural killer cells ?

A

they play major roles in eliminating tumor cells and virus infected cells

209
Q

formation of platelets is called as ?

A

thrombopoiesis

210
Q

platelets are also called as

A

thrombocytes

211
Q

thrombocytes do not have which cell organelle ?

A

nucleus but contains other cell organelle

212
Q

shape of platelets is

A

irregular disc like

213
Q

diameter of platelets is

A

2 - 4 micrometer

214
Q

no. of thrombocytes present in 1 mm3 are

A

1,50,000 - 3,00,000

215
Q

lifespan of platelets is

A

7 - 8 days

216
Q

platelets are removed by which cell and where ?

A

they are removed by the macrophages in the spleen and the liver

217
Q

under the influence of which hormone megakaryocyte splinter into 2000 - 3000 fragments ? what are these fragments enclosed by a piece of the plasma membrane known as ?

A

thrombopoietin
platelets

218
Q

what are the functions of the platelets ?

A

innvolved in the blood clotting
promotes tissue repair
release of serotonin and thromboxane [ responsible for platelet aggregation at the site of injury ]
prevents tumor growth and killing
have known role in inflammatory / allergic reactions

219
Q

role of platelets in the context to blood clotting is

A

release of thromboxane and thromboplastin [ clotting factor B ]

220
Q

role of platelets in context to other than blood clotting is

A

release of serotonin

221
Q

clot or coagulum formed mainly of a network of threads called ________________ in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped

A

fibrins

222
Q

blood exhibits coagulation or clotting in response to _________________

A

an injury or trauma [ emotional shock following stressful event ]

223
Q

clotting process innvolves series of linked enzymatic reactions known as _____________

A

Cascade’s process

224
Q

Cascade’s process innvoves a no. of factors present ___________ in an __________ form

A

present in plasma in an inactive form

225
Q

what is meant by Hemostasis ?

A

hemostasis means prevention of blood loss

226
Q

what is the factor - 3 known as

A

tissue factor , tissue thromoboplastin , thrombokinase or prothrombokinase

227
Q

what is factor - 4 known as

A

calcium ion

228
Q

what is factor - 5 known as

A

proaccelerin , labile factor , Ac-globulin

229
Q

what is factor - 8 known as

A

antihemophillic factor - A ,

230
Q

what is factor - 9 known as

A

antihemophillic factor - B , Christmas factor

231
Q

what is factor - 10 known as

A

stuart-prower factor

232
Q

what is factor - 12 known as

A

hageman factor

233
Q

what is factor - 13 known as

A

fibrin stabilising factor

234
Q

prothrombin and fibrinogen are plasma protein formed in _____________

A

liver

235
Q

___________ is required for normal activation of prothrombin and few other clotting factors

A

vitamin K

236
Q

_________________ acts as clotting factor as well as a cofactor in clotting

A

calcium ion

237
Q

________________ and ______________ are the chemicals which are vitamin K depletors

A

Dicumarol and Warfarinn

238
Q

____________________ enzyme degrades fibrin clots

A

plasmin of fibrinolysin

239
Q

degradation of fibrin is known as

A

fibrinolysis

240
Q

___________ , ___________ and ____________ are clot busters

A

Asprin , strptokinase , tissue plasminogen activator [tPA]

241
Q

which chemicals are used to preserve blood and prevent blood clots for long time in blood blanks ?

A

EDTA [ ethyl diamine tetra acetate ] , sodium , pottasium citrate , ammonium , oxalates

242
Q

most important element in blood clotting is

A

calcium ion

243
Q

three particular type of bleeding tendency or bleeding are caused by

A

1- vitamin K deficiency
2- hemophillia
3- thromtocytopnia [ platelet deficiency ]

244
Q

hemophillia occurs due to

A

hemophillia - A - low level of factor - 8
hemophillia - B - low level of factor - 9
typically from one’s parent through a X chromosome carrying a non functional gene

245
Q

blood is categorised into different groups on the absence or presence of various _____________

A

Antigens

246
Q

the two major blood groups are

A

ABO and Rh

247
Q

the erythrocytes contain inherited antigens composed of ________________________

A

glycoprotein and glycolipids

248
Q

there are two types of antigen

A

self antigen and non self antigen

249
Q

self antigen examples are

A

blood groups antigen and Rh antigen

250
Q

antigens are called as _________

A

agglutinogens because they often cause blood agglutination

251
Q

the ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens called as ___________________

A

A and B

252
Q

blood group antigens are located on chromosome ______ on the ______ gene

A

chromosome 9 on the I gene

253
Q

AB blood group shows _____________

A

co-dominance

254
Q

universal donor is

A

O-

255
Q

Which blood group is the universal acceptor

A

AB+

256
Q

blood groups antibodies present in plasma belong to

A

IgA and IgM
IgA - 2 attachment max
IgM - 10 attachment max

257
Q

Rh antigen similar to one present in __________ is also observed on the surface of RBC of majority of humans [ _______ % ]

A

Rhesus monkey
80 %

258
Q

which blood group has maximum antigens

A

AB+

259
Q

which blood group has no antigen

A

O-

260
Q

during blood transfusion what should be matched between donor and recipient

A

1- blood group
2- Rh group
3- MHC [ major histocompatibility complex ]

RAGHAV BIO STUDY (15 decks)

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