Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards
body is made of ____ % fluid and ____ % solid
70 % fluid and 30 % solid
out of ____ % solid content ____ % is inorganic compounds and _____ % is organic compound
30 % solid content 6% is inorganic and 24% is organic
how much part of total fluid is extracellular fluid?
1/3 part of total fluid
what is the single largest constituent in the body ?
water
extracellular fluid is total _____ liters
16 liters
lymph is _____ liters
10 liters
blood is ______ liters
5 liters
auxiliary fluid is ______ liters
1 liters
auxiliary fluid contains which fluids ?
CSF, pericardial, pleural fluid
intracellular fluid is ______ liters ?
29 liters
body fluids is present in two compartments which are
inside the cell and outside the cell
most abundant intracellular cation is ?
pottasium
most abundant intracellular anion is ?
phosphate
most abundant intercellular cation is ?
sodium
most abundant intercellular anion is ?
chlorine
which barriers sperate intracellular fluid from the surrounding interstitial fluid ?
plasma membrane of individual cell
plasma membrane is _________ barrier
selectively permeable
__________ pumps work continuously to maintain different concentration of certain ions in ___________ and ___________
active transport pumps
in cytosol and interstitial fluid
interstitial fluid and plasma is divide by
blood wall
blood wall divides ________ and _________ only in _______
interstitial fluid and plasma only in capillaries
plasma membrane divides _________ and __________
intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
heart —-> _______ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> heart
heart > artery > arteriole > capillary > venule > vein > heart
smallest blood vessel is
blood capillaries
tissue fluid is collected by _______
lymphatic capillary
tissue fluid —-> _______ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> _______ —-> ________ —-> ________ —-> ________ —-> ________ —-> blood
tissue fluid > lymphatic capillary > lymphatic vessel > vein > RA > RV > lungs > LA > LV > systemic circulation > blood
interstitial fluid is also called as
lymph and tissue fluid
site for gaseous exchange of gas, nutrients, waste, ions etc…. is
blood capillary
2 types of circulation are
intracytoplasmic
extracytoplasmic
streaming of cytoplasm in intracytoplasmic circulation is called
cyclosis
intracytoplasmic circulation is present in
unicellular organism
extracytoplasmic circulation is found in
multicellular organism
extracytoplasmic circulation is divided in two parts
water canal system
vascular system ( having vessel )
vascular system is divided in three parts
water vascular system ( echinoderms )
blood vascular system
lymph vascular system
blood vascular system is of two types
open
closed
closed blood vascular system is divided in two types
single circulation
double circulation
double closed blood vascular system is divided in two types
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
double closed systemic blood circulation is divided in two types
portal circulation
coronary circulation
portal circulation is divided in two types
hepatic portal system
hypothalamo - hypophyseal circulation
why is blood special connective tissue ?
due to presence of fluid matrix [plasma] that can transport substances through out the body
the cardio vascular system consist of three interveinal components
blood, heart and blood vessels
the branch of science that is concerned with blood, blood forming tissues, and disorders associated with it is known as
Hematology
blood is a special connective tissue that consist of cells surrounded by
liquid extracellular matrix
the extracellular fluids that surrounds the blood and its suspended various cells and cell fragments is known as
blood plasma
temp of blood is
37 *C
pH of the blood is
7.4
volume of the blood is
5-5.5 liters
when blood is saturated with oxygen its colour is
bright red
when blood is not saturated with oxygen its colour is
dark red
______ % of total blood is plasma ?
55 %
what are the main functions of the blood
transportation and regulation
blood transports _______________ from one part of the body to the other part of the body
gases, hormones, nutrients and waste products
circulating blood helps maintain _________ of the all the body fluids
Homeostasis
blood helps regulate the pH through the use of _________
buffers
plasma is ________ coloured liquid ?
straw coloured
bloods osmotic pressure influences the _________ of the cells mainly through the interactions of dissolved _______________
influences the water content through the interaction of dissolved ions and proteins
white blood cells protect the blood from
pathogens
several type of blood protein including ___________ help protect against disease in variety of ways
antibodies interferons
_______________ prevents excessive loss of blood
blood clots
blood plasma is _________ % water and ________ % solutes
90 - 92 % water
6 - 8 % solutes
most of the solutes of the blood plasma are _________ ?
proteins
most of the plasma are synthesized by
hepatocytes ( liver cells )
plasma protein includes
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
which protein is not synthesized by hepatocytes ?
gamma - globulin
blood/plasma protein enters into blood circulation via _____________
hepatic portal system
fibrinogen plays essential role in
blood clotting
gamma globulins are also known as
immunoglobulins and antibodies
gamma globulins helps attack _____________
virus and bacteria
what is transported by alpha and beta globulin ?
iron, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins
antibodies are _________proteins in nature
glycoproteins
antibodies are ________ shaped structures
Y shaped
antibodies are which state of proteins ( primary , secondary , tertiary etc…. ? )
tertiary state
antibodies have ________ chains
4 chains
antibodies have ___________ heavy and ___________ light chains
2 heavy and 2 light chains
smallest plasma protein is
albumin
most numerous plasma protein is
albumin
albumin helps maintain __________
osmotic pressure
positively charged electrolytes are
Na+ , Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , K+
negatively charged electrolytes are
Cl- , HPO4 2- , SO4 2- , HCO3 -
electrolytes helps in
osmotic pressure and essential role in cell functions
catalyzation of chemical reactions is done by which solute of blood plasma ?
enzymes
regulation of metabolism, growth, and development is done by which solutes of blood plasma ?
hormones
which blood plasma solute is a cofactor for enzymatic reactions ?
vitamins
blood plasma solutes that are waste products are
urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia
how much urea is excreted per day ?
25 - 30 grams
what are cofactors ?
organic/inorganic substance which enhance catalytic efficiency of enzyme
examples of cofactors
riboflavin and niacin are vitamins
factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are present in the ___________ in _____________ form.
present in the plasma in an inactive form
plasma without the clotting factors is called as ?
serum
does serum clot ?
no
what does serum contain ?
antibodies
blood = _________ + ___________
plasma + formed elements
plasma = ________ + ___________
serum + clotting factors
serum = ________ - _________
plasma - clotting factors
study of serum is called as ?
serology
the process by which the formed elements develope is known as
hemopoiesis
hemopoiesis is also known as
hematopoiesis
before birth hemopoiesis first occurs in __________ in embyo
yolk sac
in fetus hematopoiesis is done by _________
liver and spleen
primary site of hemopoiesis is
red bone marrow
red bone marrow is located in
long bone epiphysis and flat bone
flat bone examples are
cranial bone , ribs sternum , scapula
formation of RBC is known as
erythropoiesis
a healthy man on an average has ____________ RBC/mm3
5 - 5.5 million
which element is most abundant of all blood cells ?
RBC
RBC are _________ nucleus
devoid of nucleus
RBC have a ___________ shape
biconcave
camel and llama RBC is ___________ shaped
oval
why do the immature RBC contain nucleus but the mature ones do not ?
because RBC is involved in gaseous transport so , to accommodate more of the gases mature RBC do not contain nucleus and cell organelle
RBC has red coloured iron containing complex protein called
haemoglobin
a healthy individual has _________ gm of haemoglobin in 100ml of blood
12 - 16 gm
RBC has an average life span of __________ days
120 days
RBC are destroyed in
spleen
spleen acts as a ______________ and _______________ for RBC
destroyer and large reservoir of RBC
100 ml of blood carries _________ ml of O2
20 ml
100 ml of blood carries ___________ gm of Hb
15 gm
1gm of Hb carries _______ ml of O2
1.34 ml
out of the 20 ml of O2 at rest ________ ml is in tissue and __________ ml is in veins
5 ml in tissues and 15 ml in veins
RBC are ________ discs
biconcave
RBC have a diameter of __________ µm
7 - 8 µm
RBC lack ___________ and have ____________ respiration
mitochondria and have anerobic respiration
in hemoglobin, heme is
non protein
in hemoglobin, globin is
protein
globin has 4 chains
2 alpha and 2 beta chain
HbCO is known as
carboxyhemoglobin
HbCO2 is known as
carbaminohemoglobin
where does CO2 attach on hemoglobin ?
on the beta chain of the globin
where does CO and O2 attach on hemoglobin
on the heme part
why is HbCO2 called as carbaminohemoglobin ?
because CO2 attaches at N-C bond of the beta chain which is amino[N] and carboxy[C] bond
Hb-A has 4 chains ___________ and ___________
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
Hb-F has 4 chains ___________ and ___________
2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
Hb-F is ________ efficient than Hb-A in transport of O2
more efficent
total heme in Hb =
4
total Fe 2+ in Hb =
4
total ______ O2 molecules bind with Hb reversibily
4 O2 molecules
Fe 3+ gets converted into Fe 2+ on the action of ________
HCL
what is Achlorohydria ?
no secretion of HCL
Hb with Fe 3+ is called as
Methmoglobin [ Met-Hb]
Met-Hb leads to which disease
Methmoglobenemia which will cause blue baby syndrome
nitrate and nitrite contaminated water leads to which disease ?
blue baby syndrome
blue baby syndrome is also also known as
blue body syndrome or cyanosis
deficiency of Hb causes
anemia
Fe deficiency causes
iron deficiency anemia
vitamin B-9 deficiency leads to
megaloblastic / folate deficiency anemia
vitamin B-9 is also known as
folic acid
deficiency of vitamin B-12 leads to
pernicious anemia or microcystic anemia [ autoimmune disorder]
Study of blood vascular system is known as
Angiology
What is plasma membrane of blood known as
Donnan’s membrane
pernicious anemia is _______________ disorder
autoimmune disorder
hormones responsible for synthesis of RBC are
erythropoetin - kidney
testosteron - testes
thyroxine - thyroid gland
cortisol - adrenal cortex
IGF [ insulin like growth factor ] - anterior pitutary
increase in no. of RBC is known as
polycythaemia or erythrocytosis
decrease in no. of RBC is known as
erythrocytopneia
decrease in hemoglobin is known as
anemia
formation of WBC is known as
leucopoesis
colour of WBC is
colourless
do WBC have nucleus
yes they are nucleated
no. of WBC is
6000 to 8000
diameter of WBC is
12 - 20 micrometer
lifespan of WBC is
generally short lived [ from few hours to maybe few days ]
in in WBC is known as
Leucocytosis
decrease in no. of WBC is known as
Leucocytopneia
blood cancer is called as
leukemia
WBC are divided in two parts
granulocytes
agranulocytes
granulocytes contain
neutrophills
eosinophills
basophills
argranulocytes contain
lymphoctes
monocytes
lymphocytes contain
B- lymphocytes
T - lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
neutrophills are also known as
poly morphonuclear leucocyte
neutrophill nucleus is
multilobed
most abundant WBC / leucocyte is
Neutrophills
neutrphills are ________ % WBC
60 - 65 % WBC
neutrphills undergo _____________ which allows them to migrate towards sited of infection or inflammation
amoeboid movement
neutrophills are ___________ capable of ingesting microrganisms
phagocytes
basophill nucleus is ___________
trilobed
basophills can be stained by a
basic dye [ methylene blue ]
basophills secretes
histamine - vasodialator
serotonin - vasoconstrictor
heparin - anti coagulant [ mucopoly saccharide ]
basophills in which kind of reactions and infections ?
allergeic Rxns
inflammatory Rxns
parasitic infections
basophills have surface for ____________ which gives feedback to basophills
IgE
eosinophilsls have ___________ nucleus
bilobed nucleus
eosinophills are ______________ % WBC
2 - 3 % WBC
eosinophills can be satined by
acidic dye [ eosin dye ]
eosinophills are innvolved in ___________ reactions
allergic reactions
eosinophills work against _____________ infections
helminthic infections
viral infections
basophils work against which kind of parasite ?
unicelluar parasite
eosinophills work against which type of parasite ?
multicellular parasite
monocyte are ___________ % WBC
6 - 8 % WBC
monocyte has _____________ nucleus
largest nucleus
shape of monocyte nucleus is
kidney or horseshoe shaped
monocyte undergo ____________ movement which allow them to migrate towards sites of infection or inflammation
amoeboid movement
which WBC are phagocytic and show diapedisis
neutophils and monocyte
monocyte can differentiate into _________ and __________
macrophage and dendritic cells
both macrophage and cells are __________ in nature
phagocytic in nature
lymphocyte are ______________ % in total WBC
20 - 25 % WBC
the main function of lymphocyte is to _____________
produce antibodies and protect against virus, bacteria and toxins
T - cells are sythesised by _____________ and during which period
bone marrow during fetal period
T - cells are matured, differentiated, and stored in ____________
thymus [ under the hormone thymosine ]
primary lymphoid organ are
red bone marrow [ first priority ] and thymus
The organs which undergo formation maturations of lymphocytes are known as
primary lymphoid organs
lymphocyte becomes effector cells in __________ organ
secondary lymphoid organ
secondary lymphoid organs are
spleen [ main secondary organ ]
lymph nodes
tonsils
peyer’s patches
vermiform appendix
all lymphocytes are produced from ___________ and become effector cells in ___________
produced from red bone marrow and effector cells in secondary lymphoid organs
B - lymphocytes mature in ____________ whereas T - lymphocyte matures in __________
B - lympho = bonemarrow
T - lympho = thymus
red bone marrow and thymus are
primary lymphoid organs
B - lymphocyte further develope into _____________ and _____________ in secondary lymphoid organs
plasma B - cells and memory B cells
plasma B cells secretes ___________
antibodies
what is the work of memory B cells ?
to store information about the antigen
B cells forms ____________________ immunity
humoral mediated immunity
T cells forms ______________ immunity
cell mediated immunity
types of T cells are
T helper - deals with virus infected cells
T cytotoxic - deals with virus infected cells
T suppressor / regulatory - forms immunological boundary
T memory - stores information
what is the role of natural killer cells ?
they play major roles in eliminating tumor cells and virus infected cells
formation of platelets is called as ?
thrombopoiesis
platelets are also called as
thrombocytes
thrombocytes do not have which cell organelle ?
nucleus but contains other cell organelle
shape of platelets is
irregular disc like
diameter of platelets is
2 - 4 micrometer
no. of thrombocytes present in 1 mm3 are
1,50,000 - 3,00,000
lifespan of platelets is
7 - 8 days
platelets are removed by which cell and where ?
they are removed by the macrophages in the spleen and the liver
under the influence of which hormone megakaryocyte splinter into 2000 - 3000 fragments ? what are these fragments enclosed by a piece of the plasma membrane known as ?
thrombopoietin
platelets
what are the functions of the platelets ?
innvolved in the blood clotting
promotes tissue repair
release of serotonin and thromboxane [ responsible for platelet aggregation at the site of injury ]
prevents tumor growth and killing
have known role in inflammatory / allergic reactions
role of platelets in the context to blood clotting is
release of thromboxane and thromboplastin [ clotting factor B ]
role of platelets in context to other than blood clotting is
release of serotonin
clot or coagulum formed mainly of a network of threads called ________________ in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped
fibrins
blood exhibits coagulation or clotting in response to _________________
an injury or trauma [ emotional shock following stressful event ]
clotting process innvolves series of linked enzymatic reactions known as _____________
Cascade’s process
Cascade’s process innvoves a no. of factors present ___________ in an __________ form
present in plasma in an inactive form
what is meant by Hemostasis ?
hemostasis means prevention of blood loss
what is the factor - 3 known as
tissue factor , tissue thromoboplastin , thrombokinase or prothrombokinase
what is factor - 4 known as
calcium ion
what is factor - 5 known as
proaccelerin , labile factor , Ac-globulin
what is factor - 8 known as
antihemophillic factor - A ,
what is factor - 9 known as
antihemophillic factor - B , Christmas factor
what is factor - 10 known as
stuart-prower factor
what is factor - 12 known as
hageman factor
what is factor - 13 known as
fibrin stabilising factor
prothrombin and fibrinogen are plasma protein formed in _____________
liver
___________ is required for normal activation of prothrombin and few other clotting factors
vitamin K
_________________ acts as clotting factor as well as a cofactor in clotting
calcium ion
________________ and ______________ are the chemicals which are vitamin K depletors
Dicumarol and Warfarinn
____________________ enzyme degrades fibrin clots
plasmin of fibrinolysin
degradation of fibrin is known as
fibrinolysis
___________ , ___________ and ____________ are clot busters
Asprin , strptokinase , tissue plasminogen activator [tPA]
which chemicals are used to preserve blood and prevent blood clots for long time in blood blanks ?
EDTA [ ethyl diamine tetra acetate ] , sodium , pottasium citrate , ammonium , oxalates
most important element in blood clotting is
calcium ion
three particular type of bleeding tendency or bleeding are caused by
1- vitamin K deficiency
2- hemophillia
3- thromtocytopnia [ platelet deficiency ]
hemophillia occurs due to
hemophillia - A - low level of factor - 8
hemophillia - B - low level of factor - 9
typically from one’s parent through a X chromosome carrying a non functional gene
blood is categorised into different groups on the absence or presence of various _____________
Antigens
the two major blood groups are
ABO and Rh
the erythrocytes contain inherited antigens composed of ________________________
glycoprotein and glycolipids
there are two types of antigen
self antigen and non self antigen
self antigen examples are
blood groups antigen and Rh antigen
antigens are called as _________
agglutinogens because they often cause blood agglutination
the ABO blood group is based on two glycolipid antigens called as ___________________
A and B
blood group antigens are located on chromosome ______ on the ______ gene
chromosome 9 on the I gene
AB blood group shows _____________
co-dominance
universal donor is
O-
Which blood group is the universal acceptor
AB+
blood groups antibodies present in plasma belong to
IgA and IgM
IgA - 2 attachment max
IgM - 10 attachment max
Rh antigen similar to one present in __________ is also observed on the surface of RBC of majority of humans [ _______ % ]
Rhesus monkey
80 %
which blood group has maximum antigens
AB+
which blood group has no antigen
O-
during blood transfusion what should be matched between donor and recipient
1- blood group
2- Rh group
3- MHC [ major histocompatibility complex ]
