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Mineral and Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is mineral nutrition?

A

It deals with the study of procurement of inorganic nutrients or mineral elements by plants, their essentiality physiological role, etc.

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2
Q

Who is Julis von Sachs?

A

He introduced the technique of growing plants in a definite nutrient solution without soil known as hydroponics.(1860)

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3
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

It is a method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient solution with definite propotion.

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4
Q

How were essential elements identified and their deficiency symptoms discovered?

A

After a series of trial and errors during hydroponics resulted in standardization of composition of mineral salts or nutrients needed for normal growth and development, using these the deficiency symptoms were discovered

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4
Q

How were essential elements identified and their deficiency symptoms discovered?

A

After a series of trial and errors during hydroponics resulted in standardization of composition of mineral salts or nutrients needed for normal growth and development, using these the deficiency symptoms were discovered

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5
Q

Name the vegetables which are produced commercially through hydroponics?

A

Tomato, seedless cucumber, lettuce, etc.

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6
Q

what are the conditions required for the optimal growth of hydroponics?

A

Nutrient solutions must be adequately aerated to obtain the optimum growth.

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7
Q

How many elements are present in plants?

A

60 elements out of 105 are present in plants.

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8
Q

what is the route of entry of mineral elements from soil to plants?

A

Through root.

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9
Q

Criteria for essentiality of elements.

A

(i) Absolutely necessary for supporting normal growth.
(ii) In the absence of the element the plant does not complete their life cycle or set seeds.
(iii) Element must be specific and irreplaceable by another element.
(iv) element must be directly involved in the metabolism of the plants.

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10
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

The nutrients present in plants tissues in large amount in excess of 10milimole/kg or 1-10mg/g of dry matter.
The macronutrients are C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg. (CHOPCaNMgSK)

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11
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

The nutrients present in plant tissue in very small amount less than 10m mole/kg or 0.1 mg/g of dry matter.
The micronutrients are Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn, B, Cl, Ni. (MoNiCu FeZn BClMn)

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12
Q

Which are the other elements required by some higher plants?

A

Na, Si, Co, Se (SiCo SeNa).

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13
Q

Which elements act as components of bio molecules?

A

C, H, O, N.

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14
Q

Which elements act as components of energy related chemical compounds in plants?

A

Magnesium in chlorophyll, phosphorus in ATP.

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15
Q

Name the elements that activate or inhibit the enzymes?

A

Mg^2+ is the activator for both rubisco and PEP carboxylase. (Critical enzymes in photosynthetic carbon fixation).
Zn2+ is an activator of alcoholic dehydrogenase.
Mo activator of nitrogenase during N2 fixation.

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16
Q

Which element plays a vital role in opening and closing of stomata?

A

Potassium(K).

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17
Q

What are the role of macronutrients?

A

Metabolic process like,
1. Permeability of cell membrane.
2. maintanence of osmotic concentration of cell sap.
3. Electron transport system.
4. Buffering action.
5. enzymatic activity.
6. Major constituents of bio macro molecules and coenzymes.

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18
Q

Which element is required by plants in greatest amount ?

A

Nitrogen(N).

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19
Q

Mention the different forms of nitrogen absorbed by plants?

A

NO3-(nitrate), NO2-(nitrtite), NH4+(Ammonium ion).

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20
Q

Mention the parts of plants that require nitrogen?

A

Meristematic tissues and metabolically active cells.

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21
Q

Mention the biomolecules in which nitrogen is a major constituent?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, hormones and vitamins.

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22
Q

Mention the different forms of phosphorus absorbed by plants?

A

Phosphate ions (H2PO4-/HPO4^2-).

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23
Q

Mention the biomolecules in which phosphorus is present?

A

Cell membrane, certain proteins, nucleic acids, phosphorylation reaction.

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24
Q

In which form potassium is absorbed by plants?

A

K+ ion.

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25
Q

Which parts of plants require potassium?

A

Meristematic tissues, leaves, buds and root tips.

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26
Q

what is the role of potassium in plant nutrition?

A

Helps in maintaining anion-cation balance, protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata, activation of enzymes, maintenance of turgidity of cells.

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27
Q

In which form calcium is absorbed by plants?

A

Ca++.

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28
Q

Which parts of plants require calcium?

A

1.Meristematic and differentiating tissues.
2.Synthesis of cell wall during cell division,3. particularly as calcium pectate in the middle lamellae.
4.. Accumulates on older leaf.
5. Cell membrane for normal functioning.

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29
Q

What is the role of calcium in plants?

A
  1. Formation of mitotic spindle.
  2. Normal functioning of cell membrane.
  3. activates certain enzymes.
  4. Regulating metabolic activity.
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30
Q

Which parts of plants require Magnesium?

A

Mg++

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31
Q

Role of magnesium in plants?

A

Activates enzymes of respiration, photosynthesis

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32
Q

Mention the form in which sulphate is absorbed by the plants?

A

Sulphate ion (SO4–)

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33
Q

Which biomolecules constitute Sulphur?
or
Mention the biomolecules in which Sulphur is the constituent?

A

Amino acids like Cysteine, Methionine
Coenzymes
Vitamins like Thiamine, biotin CoA
Ferredoxin

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34
Q

Mention the form in which iron is absorbed in plants?

A

Fe+++

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35
Q

Mention the role iron in plants?

A

1.Plasma membrane proteins
involved in the transport of electrons like ferredoxin and cytochromes.
2.Reversibly oxidized from Fe2+ to Fe3+ during electron transport.
3.Activates catalase enzyme for formation of chlorophyll

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36
Q

In what form Manganese is absorbed by the plants?

A

Mn++

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37
Q

What is the role of Mn in plants?

A

1.It activates enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism.
2.It involves in photolysis of water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis

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38
Q

Mention the 3 distinct characteristics of Zn in plants?

A
  1. It is absorbed by plants in the form of Zn++ ions
  2. It activates enzyme Carboxylase.
  3. Involved in synthesis of Auxin.
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39
Q

Mention the 3 distinct characteristics of Cu in plants?

A
  1. It is absorbed in the form of cupric ions.(Cu++).
  2. Essential for overall metabolism in plants.
  3. Association with enzymes involved in redox reactions, reversibly oxidized from Cu to Cu++.
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40
Q

Mention three distinct characteristics of Boron?

A
  1. It is absorbed by plants in the form of BO3— and B4O7–.
  2. Uptake and utilization of Ca ++, membrane functioning, pollen germination.
  3. Cell elongation, cell differentiation and carbohydrate translocation.
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41
Q

Mention two distinct characteristics of Mo?

A
  1. Absorbed in the form of Molybdate ions(MoO2–).
  2. Component of enzymes nitrogenase and nitrate reductase.
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42
Q

Mention three distinct characteristics of chlorine?

A

1.Absorbed in the form of chloride(Cl-) ions in plants.
2. Determining solute concentration, cation-anion balance in cells.
3. Essential for photolysis of water in photosynthesis leads to evolution of oxygen.

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43
Q

What is critical concentration?

A

It is the concentration of essential element below which plant growth is retarded.

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44
Q

When is an element said to be deficient ?

A

When it is present below the critical concentration.

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45
Q

Mention the effects due to deficiency of essential element in plants?

A

1.Since the elements play on or more specific structural and functional role in plants, in the absence of any particular element plants show certain morphological changes. Morphological changes are indicative of deficiency of certain element and are called deficiency symptoms.
2. If the deprivation continues it may eventually lead to death of the plant.

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46
Q

Mention a factor which influences deficiency symptoms?

A

Mobility of element in the plant.

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47
Q

For the elements that are _________ within the plants and exported to young developing tissues, the deficiency symptoms tend to appear first in ________ tissue.

A

a. Actively mobilized.
b. Older.

48
Q

Deficiency of which elements are first visible in senescent leaves?

A

Nitrogen and potassium.

49
Q

Under which condition deficiency symptoms tend to appear first in young tissues?

A

When the elements are relatively immobile and not transported out of mature organs.

50
Q

Mention some elements which are part of structural component of the cell and cannot be easily released?

A

Sulphur and calcium.

51
Q

The aspects of mineral nutritoin of plants is of a great significance and importance to____________ and _________.

A

Horticulture and Agriculture

52
Q

Mention the 5 kinds of deficiency symptoms in plants.

A
  1. Chlorosis
  2. Necrosis
  3. Stunted growth
    4.Premature fall of leaves and buds
  4. Inhibition of cell division.
  5. Delaying in flowering.
53
Q

What is Chlorosis?

A

Yellowing of leaves due to chlorophyll distructrion.

54
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Death of tissue particularly leaf tissue.

55
Q

Deficiency of which elements cause chlorosis?

A

Mo, N, K, S, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn ( MoNKS FeZn MgMn)

56
Q

Deficiency of which elements causes Necrosis?

A

Ca, Mg, Cu ,K (Magic KCuCa)

57
Q

Inhibition of cell division is cause due to deficiency of which elements?

A

Mo, N, K, S (MoNKS)

58
Q

Delay in flowering is caused due to deficiency of which elements?

A

Mo, N, S

59
Q

Explain the phenomenon of toxicity of micronutrients?

A
  1. Any mineral ion concentration in tissues that reduces the dry weight of the tissues by about 10% is considered toxic.
  2. Moderate increase in micronutrients cause toxicity.
  3. Excess of an element may inhibit the uptake of another element. Example ;- prominent symptom of manganese
59
Q

Explain the phenomenon of toxicity of micronutrients?

A
  1. Any mineral ion concentration in tissues that reduces the dry weight of the tissues by about 10% is considered toxic.
  2. Moderate increase in micronutrients cause toxicity.
  3. Excess of an element may inhibit the uptake of another element. Example;- prominent symptom of manganese is the appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins.
60
Q

Mn competes with _____ and _____________- for uptake and ________ for binding with enzymes.

A

a- Iron, b- Magnesium, c-Magnesium.

61
Q

Which element inhibits calcium translocation in shoot apex?

A

Manganese.

62
Q

Excess of which element can actually be the deficiency symptom of Fe, Mg and Ca.

A

Manganese

63
Q

What are the two main phases of absorption of element of elements in plants?

A

1st phase: - An initial rapid uptake of ions into free space or outer space of cells - the apoplast is passive.
2nd phase- The ions are taken in slowly into the inner surface -the symplast.

64
Q

The passive movement of ions into the apoplast usually occurs through _________

A

Facilitated diffusion(Selective).

65
Q

On the other hand, entry and exit of ions to and from the symplast is ____________?

A

Active process.

66
Q

What is flux?

A

The movement of ions is called as FLUX.

67
Q

What are the two types of flux and explain it?

A

The two types of flux are Influx and Efflux.
Influx-inward movement of ions are called as Influx.
Efflux- outward movement of ions are called as Efflux.

68
Q

__________is the reservoir of mineral nutrient?

A

SOIL.

69
Q

______ and ______ of rocks enriches the soil with ions and inorganic salts?

A

Weathering and breaking.

70
Q

Soil also harbors N2 fixing microbes, microbes that hold water, it also supplies air to roots, act as matrix that stabilizes the plant.

A

Soil also harbors N2 fixing microbes, microbes that hold water, it also supplies air to roots, act as matrix that stabilizes the plant.

71
Q

What is the necessity for supplying the mineral elements through fertilizers?

A

Because deficiency of mineral elements affects the crop yield.

72
Q

Nitrogen cycle.

A

Pg No- 1. Diagram -1

73
Q

which is the most prevalent and abundant gaseous element in atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen.

74
Q

Which mineral element is the limiting nutrient for both natural and Agricultual ecosystem?

A

Nitrogen.

75
Q

What is nitrogen fixation/nitrogen reduction?

A

The process of conversion atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia is known as nitrogen fixation/nitrogen reduction.

76
Q

Mention the natural sources of energy that support in conversion of N2 into nitrogen oxides?

A

Lightening and UV radiation.

77
Q

Mention some sources of atmospheric nitrogen oxides?

A
  1. Industrial combustion.
  2. Forest fires.
  3. Automobile exhausts.
  4. Power generating stations.
    pg-1, equation no-1
78
Q

What is Ammonification?

A

Decomposition of organic nitrogen of dead plants and animals into ammonia is ammonification.

79
Q

What is Nitrification?

A

Some of the ammonia volatilizes and reenters the atmosphere, but most of it is converted into nitrate by soil bacteria is called nitrification.
eq-2.

80
Q

Nitrogen is first oxidized to nitrite by__________.

A

Nitrosomonas/ nitrococcus.

81
Q

The nitrite is further oxidized to _______ by nitrobacter.

A

Nitrate.

82
Q

Nitrifying bacteria are _______________.

A

Chemoautotrophs.

83
Q

Explain the metabolism of nitrate in plant nutrition?

A

The nitrate is absorbed by plants and transported to the leaves. In leaves it is reduced to form ammonia that finally forms the ammine group of amino acids.

84
Q

What is Denitrification?

A

The process of reduction of nitrate to N2 in the soil is called Denitrification.

85
Q

Denitrification is carried out by ______ and ______?

A

Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus.

86
Q

What is biological nitrogen fixation?

A

Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organisms is called biological nitrogen fixation.

87
Q

The enzyme __________ which is capable of nitrogen reduction is present exclusively in prokaryotes such microbes are called___________.

A

Nitrogenase,
Nitrogen fixers.
eq-3

88
Q

The nitrogen fixing bacteria could be ___________ or _______.

A

Free living, Symbiotic.

89
Q

Give an example for free living aerobic nitrogen fixer.

A

Azotobacter, Beijerinckia.

90
Q

Give an example for free-living anaerobic nitrogen fixer.

A

Rhodospirillium.

91
Q

Give example for free living nitrogen fixer.

A

Bacillus species, cyanobacteria, nostoc, anabaena.

92
Q

Give example for symbiotic leguminous nitrogen fixer.

A

Rhizobium.

93
Q

Give example for symbiotic non-leguminous(Alnus) nitrogen fixer.

A

Frankia species.

94
Q

Name the legumes in which Rhizobium forms nodule in the roots.

A

Alfa alfa, sweet clover, sweet pea, lentils, garden pea, broad bean, clover beans.

95
Q

______________ and____________ are free living in soil, but as symbionts can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

A

Rhizobium and Frankia.

96
Q

Rhizobium multiply and colonize which part of the roots?

A

The surroundings of roots specifically attached to epidermis and epidermal root hair cells

97
Q

Do the root hair curl when the rhizobium invade the root hair?

A

Yes

98
Q

An infection thread is produced carrying the bacteria _________ into the cortex of the root where the initial nodule formation.

A

Rhizobium

99
Q

The nodule formed in the roots of the legumes attached to Rhizobium establishes a direct __________ __________ with the host for exchange of nutrients.

A

Vascular connection

100
Q

Name the necessary biochemical components present in the nodule of legumes which is attached to the Rhizobium.

A

Nitrogenase and leghemoglobin.

101
Q

Enzyme nitrogenase is a _______ protein.

A

Fe-Mo

102
Q

What is the role of enzyme nitrogenase?

A

It catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric N2 to NH3 (the 1st stable product of N2 fixation)
Diagram 3 Eqn 4

103
Q

Which is the oxygen scavanger?

A

Leghemoglobin.

104
Q

Nitrogen is highly sensitive to _____ since it requires anaerobic condition

A

Molecular oxygen or aerobic condition.

105
Q

When does the nitrogen fixing bacteria behaves as aerobes or anaerobes

A

1.When nitrogenase is not operational they behave as aerobes.
2.During nitrogen fixing events they behave as anaerobes (protecting the nitrogenase)

106
Q

Number of ATPs formed when each molecule of Nh3 is produced?

A

18 (highest energy requiring reaction)

107
Q

Among nitrate and NH4 + ions which is toxic to plants and does not get accumulated in plants?

A

NH4+ ion

108
Q

Reductive amination reaction

A

Alpha keto glutaric acid + NH4+ + NADPH in the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase gives Glutamate +NADP+ + H2O

109
Q

What is transamination ?

A

The transfer of amino group from one amino acid to keto group of a keto acid.

110
Q

Which is the main amino acid from which the transfer of the amino group takes place another amino acid are formed through transamination?

A

Glutamic acid

111
Q

Which enzymes catalyze the trans amination?

A

Trans aminase.

112
Q

The most important amines _________ and ___________ are structural part of proteins.

A

Aspargine glutamate.

113
Q

Aspargine and glutamate are formed from _________ and ________ respectively.

A

Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid.

114
Q

Amides contain _______ more than the amino acids.

A

Nitrogen

115
Q

The nodules some plants (soyabean) export nitrogen as _________

A

Ureids

116
Q

Which component have high nitrogen to carbon ratio?

A

Ureids.

NEET Biology (4 decks)

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