MIMM211

Question 1

what are the 3 kingdoms of life?

Answer 1

bacteria, archaea and eucarya

Question 2

true/false: the cell is not the basic structural unit of life and most microorganisms are unicellular.

Answer 2

false. IT IS

Question 3

who invented the first microscope?
Lucretius
Girolamo Fracastoro
Zacharias Janssen
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 3

Zacharias Janssen

Question 4

what did Robert Hooke do

Answer 4

First description of a microorganism

Question 5

explain Francesco Redi experiment

Answer 5

three flasks:
1- unsealed–> the flies could enter –> bacteria grow
2- sealed—> no bact grow
3- covered with gauze–> bact on top of gauze
He said that larvae can only devlop on meat that fly can reach–> disproved spontaneous generation

Question 6

what is the difference between John Needham experiment and Lazzaro Spallanzani’s?

Answer 6

John sterilized the broth and then added it to the flask
Lazzaro sterilized the broth while in the flask

Question 7

why did pasteur had swan neck flasks for his experiment?

Answer 7

because he wanted to see if air without the dust would cause bacterial grow.

Question 8

what are the four humors of the body?

Answer 8

blood, phlegm (mucus), yellow bile (choler) and black bile (melancholy)

Question 9

what did the experiment of Joseph Lister proved? (hint: he was influenced by pasteur’s work)

Answer 9

it proved that heat can kill microorganism and that they cause diseases

Question 10

explain how did Robert Koch demonstrated that a bacterium was causing anthrax

Answer 10

-he injected healthy mice with biological material from diseased animals—> mice became ill

-transfered anthrax through a serie of 20 mices –> all got sick

-an incubated piece of an ill mice produced spores

-when the spores were injected into a healthy mice–> became ill

Question 11

why does gelatine wasn’t a good environment to study pathogene?

Answer 11

1. The optimal growth is at 37° and gelatine melts at that temp
2. gelatine is degraded by microorganisms

Question 12

what did Edward Jenner to be considered the father of immunology?

Answer 12

he immunized people from the smallpox virus by using the cowpox fluid from blisters

Question 13

what did Emil von Behring discovered

Answer 13

he discovered the humoral immunity, that there are antibodies produced in the blood against infections

Question 14

who has discovered cellular immunity?

Elie Metchnikoff
Emil von Behring
Louis Pasteur
Edward Jenner

Answer 14

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 15

what is the difference between the traditional early scheme and the Ernest Haeckel’s proposal?

Answer 15

traditional early schemes include plants and animals while the Ernest Haeckel’s scheme includes animals, plants and microorganisms

Question 16

who proposed the next scheme after Ernest Haeckel’s and what did it includes?

Answer 16

Edouard Chatton and it included eucaryotes and procaryotes

Question 17

which one/s are/is missing:

protista
fungi
plantae

Answer 17

animalia and monera

Question 18

which one/s are/is missing:

protista
plantae
monera
animalia

Answer 18

fungi

Question 19

what is the difference between Whittaker’s five kingdom and Carl Woese’s three kingdom?

Answer 19

For Woese, the archae, eucaryotes and bacteria are equally distant in the scheme
While for Whittaker, no

Question 20

which cell organelle is the descendant of alpha proteobacterium? which one is the descendant of cyanobacterium?

Answer 20

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 21

true/false: aphids and related insects still have their gram - double membrane and cell envelope

Answer 21

true. because they have a recent endosymbiotic relationship

Question 22

put them in order:

family
order
division/phylum
genus
species
kingdom/domain

Answer 22

kingdom/domain
division/phylum
class
order
family
genus
species