ANAT321

Question 1

Olfactory cranial nerve is sensory/mixed/motor?

Answer 1

sensory

Question 2

what cranial nerve innervates the parasympathetic organs? is it sensory/motor/mixed?

Answer 2

Vagus nerve, mixed

Question 3

what nerves are for the eye movement between these?:
- abducens
- oculomotor
- hypoglossal
- trochlear
- trigerminal

Answer 3

abducens, oculomotor and trochlear

Question 4

what cranial nerve control the face movement and sensation (mixed)?

Answer 4

Trigeminal nerve

Question 5

Whats the difference between the glossopharyngeal nerve and the hypoglossal nerve ?

Answer 5

the glossopharyngeal controls the 1/3 of the tongue + swallowing and sensations from palate and back (mixed)
the hypoglossal controls the muscles of the tongue (motor)

Question 6

optic cranial nerve is sensory/motor/mixed?

Answer 6

sensory

Question 7

trochlear cranial nerve is sensory/motor/mixed?

Answer 7

motor, controls the superior oblique

Question 8

whats the cranial nerve for hearing and equilibrium?

Answer 8

vestibulocochlear

Question 9

spinal accessory cranial nerve is sensory/motor/mixed?

Answer 9

motor

Question 10

explain what is a modality? what is a submodality?

Answer 10

MODALITY is a type of somatic sensation; ex we have hearing, smelling, vision
SUBMODALITY is a category of the sensation, ex for somatic sensation modality we have fine touch, pain, warmth, heat, etc..

Question 11

what is the name of the pathway for fine touch/proprioception?

Answer 11

dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

Question 12

what is the name of the pathway for pain and temperature?

Answer 12

Anterolateral pathway

Question 13

Aa and AB fibers are the axons for which type of sensation?

Answer 13

for fine touch and proprioception

Question 14

which sets of fibers have a large diameter and are very myelinated?

Answer 14

Aa & AB fibers

Question 15

what are the fiber responsible for the anterolateral pathway?

Answer 15

Adelta and C fibers. SHORT axons

Question 16

What are the Merkel cells specialized for? what is the name of the other cells that do the same job

Answer 16

SA1, they are good to recognize constant pressure. Ruffini endings

Question 17

The two corpuscule (sensory receptors) are good to detect what? what are their names

Answer 17

Meissner & Pacinian corpuscule and good for detecting vibrations (rapidly adapting)

Question 18

explain what is combinatorial processing?

Answer 18

is the accumulation of different receptors activations, leading to a perceived perception. (ex: taste of food)

Question 19

true/false: efferent is the incoming information

Answer 19

false: its the outgoing information

Question 20

true/false: afferent is the incoming information

Answer 20

true.

Question 21

what is the cauda equina?

Answer 21

Since the spinal cord is smaller than the vertebral canal: the space remaining is filled with spinal nerves and liquid. The nerves going downwards go through the lumbar cistern.

Question 22

what is the gray matter made of?

Answer 22

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and synapses

Question 23

true/false: the ventral horns of the gray matter are for the motor neurons going out

Answer 23

true.

Question 24

where is the cell body of the primary neuron of the sensory pathway?

Answer 24

dorsal root ganglion

Question 25

for the sympathetic outcome, what does the pre-gangl neuron release? What does the post-gangl neuron release onto the tissue/organ?

Answer 25

pre-gangl neuron release Ach
post-gangl neuron release Norepinephrine

Question 26

which (parasympa or sympa) has their ganglion very near the target?

Answer 26

parasympathetic

Question 27

What is the dermatome?

Answer 27

the dermatome is the organization of the spinal nerves in the body

Question 28

true/false: fine touch pathway changes sides in the spinal cord

Answer 28

false, it stays ipsilateral until brainstem

Question 28

what is the central horn in the spinal cord needed for?

Answer 28

for reflexes

Question 29

are spinal reflexes voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 29

Involuntary, protection movements

Question 29

true or false about the somatopical organization for the left side of the body:
fine touch: arm on the left and leg on the right part of the dorsal column
pain/temp: leg on the right and arm on the left part of the anterolateral column.

Answer 29

false: on the anterolateral column leg is on the left and arm is on the right (INVERSE OF DORSAL SINCE CONTRALATERAL)

Question 30

what is a fiber tract? where is it?

Answer 30

its a bundle of axons that is in the central nervous system

Question 31

why in the cross section in the caudal medulla the dorsal column is called fasciculus?

Answer 31

fasciculus bcs it is only axons that are present

Question 32

why in the cross section right before the 4th ventricle in the medulla the dorsal column is called nucleus?

Answer 32

bcs its where the synapse happen and so no more axons, but now we have a bundle of cell bodies now

Question 33

If a single neuron receive input from many other neurons, what is this called?

Answer 33

convergence