cardio

Question 1

which vasculature carry blood away from the heart? which carry blood back to the heart?

Answer 1

arteries=away
veins=back to

Question 2

what are the 5 factors that regulate the process of diffusion?

Answer 2

1- distance
2-the solvent characteristics
3-the molecule’s characteristics
4-the temperature
5-the barrier

Question 3

true/false: a heavy molecule diffuse more easily than a. less heavy one

Answer 3

false, the heavier the molecule the harder it diffuses

Question 4

Do insects have blood? if not, whats their fluid called?

Answer 4

no blood. hemolymph

Question 5

what are the differences between our circulation and insects’?

Answer 5

-they dont transport oxygen (bcs no Hb)
-open circulation
-no blood
-their heart is made up of chambers

Question 6

true/false: fish have a single heart and not a double like us and it contains only deoxygenated blood

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what are the differences between our circulation and the reptilians’?

Answer 7

-they have 3 chambers (2 atria and 1 ventricle)
-their heart contains mixed blood

Question 8

true/false: the crocodile have only 1 aorta like us

Answer 8

false, they have two

Question 9

how can the crocodile go into water without breathing?

Answer 9

The valve in the pulmonary aorta (right, deoxygenated) closes and so the deoxygenated blood passes through the left aorta (systemic)

Question 10

which one is the most compliant? Veins or Arteries? What does it means?

Answer 10

veins are more compliant as they change size according to the volume of blood

Question 11

which one is the most resistant veins or arteries? and what does it means?

Answer 11

arteries are more resistant since when blood volume increase; their R increases too

Question 12

HR x SV = ?

Answer 12

CO (cardiac output)

Question 13

true/false: both arteries and veins have inner valves

Answer 13

false, only veins have them

Question 14

How can the flow stay the same in arteries and in capillaries?

Answer 14

in arteries the crossectional area is low but the velocity is high. in capillaries the crossectional area is high and the velocity is low (better exchange)

Question 15

true/false: the Pressure is higher in the capillaries than in the arteries

Answer 15

false, higher in arteries (lower crossectional area, higher velocity)

Question 16

pressure diastole > pressure systole

Answer 16

false, systole>diastole

Question 17

why do we assume perfusion P= arterial P?

Answer 17

because arterial pressure&raquo_space; veinous pressure

Question 18

what does perfusion pressure represent?

Answer 18

the difference between P in and P out

Question 19

If a vessel with a length of 4 cm have a R=3 and flow=1. What is the R and the flow of a same type of vessel that have a length of 8 cm?

Answer 19

Rx2 so R=6. Flow/2 so flow=0.5

Question 20

1/R=1/R1 + 1/R2 is from which type: series or parallel?

Answer 20

parallel

Question 21

what are the two mechanisms that help to maintain the flow of blood with gravity?

Answer 21

1- valves
2- muscles contractions

Question 22

the tricuspid valve is situed between the ______ _______ and the ______ ventricle

Answer 22

between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Question 22

the bicuspid (mitral) valve is between the _______ _______ and the ______ ventricle

Answer 22

between the right atria and the right ventricle

Question 23

Who am I? I am a chamber of the heart with thick muscular wall because of the high pressure of systemic circ

Answer 23

the left ventricle

Question 23

what is the job of the two coronary veins?

Answer 23

they empty the deoxygenated blood into the right atria

Question 23

which layer of the heart doesnt contract and which one is the muscle? epicardium endocardium myocardium pericardium

Answer 23

the pericardium doesnt contract and the myocardium is made out of muscles

Question 23

which node gets activated first? sinoatrial or atrioventricular

Answer 23

sinoatrial

Question 24

if no AV node, what happens to the signal?

Answer 24

it only propagate to the atria and not to the ventricles

Question 25

Why is the propagation of the signal left to right?

Answer 25

because the right bundle of His is isolated from the septum

Question 26

what does interstitial current and cytoplasmic current means?

Answer 26

interstitial is the outside of the cell movement of Na and cytoplasmic is the inside of the cell movement of K.

Question 27

the purkinje fibers can fire an impulse of their own?

Answer 27

yes, if SN doesnt work

Question 28

what wave in the ECG represent the atrial contraction, when the sinus node fire?

Answer 28

the p-wave

Question 29

the P-R segment starts from what and end with what?

Answer 29

start with the end of P and end with the start of Q

Question 30

Start of P until the beginning of Q, who am i?

Answer 30

P-R interval

Question 31

what is the equation to determine wheter the deflection is + or -?

Answer 31

ext of + (left) - ext of - (right)

Question 32

when a cell is depolarized, that means the exterior is ___?

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

why is the Q wave a negative deflection?

Answer 33

because it represent the depolarization of the septum and it is done from left to right in contrast to the right to left of the atria

Question 34

how are the pacemaker cell characterized in a graph of their membrane potentials?

Answer 34

they dont have a resting potential

Question 35

what does S-T segment represent?

Answer 35

it represent the time between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles

Question 36

when the rythm is slow the person have ______

Answer 36

bradychardia

Question 37

Calcium binds to what in the muscles?

Answer 37

troponine

Question 38

what happens during 1/3 of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 38

the ventricle contracts

Question 39

what are the two phases of the systole?

Answer 39

isovolumetric ventricular contract and ventricular ejection

Question 40

explain the diastole?

Answer 40

isovolumetric relaxation: ventricles stop contracting and pressure drop below the P of aorta (valves close). Atria has been filling ventricular filling: P in ventricle is lower than the P in atria so the mitral and tricuspid valves open to fill up the ventricle

Question 41

what happens when arterial pressure drops?

Answer 41

the arterioles dilate to restore blood flow

Question 42

where are the ganglion of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic pathway ?

Answer 42

para= cardiac fat pads sympa= near the spinal cord

Question 43

where are situed the baroreceptors?

Answer 43

in the carotid arteries

Question 44

what effect has the low baroreceptor firing (they fire a lot when the BP is high)?

Answer 44

it increase HR,SV and TPR

Question 45

what effect has chemoreceptors

Answer 45

they increase HR

Question 46

MAP = ?

Answer 46

= SV x HR x TPR