Milk Composition Flashcards
Fat percentage in milk
3-5%
Protein percentage in milk
1%
carbohydrate percentage in milk (lactose)
7% but there are more oligosaccharides
Yellow color of colosteum
Beta carotene, a product of vitamin A
LLAMAS Pee Gold
Colostrum main ingredients:
Living cells
Lactopherrin
Secretory IgA
Microbiome
Vitamin A
Sugars HMO’s human milk oligosaccharides
Protein
Growth factor
whey vs casein
Whey: liquid and easy to digest
Casein: curds, solid, harder to digest.
Ratio whey:casein
in colostrum 90:10- easy to digest
Mature milk 60:40
Late lactation 50:50
In formula: 20:80
makes up to 90% of white blood cells in colostrum
Macrophages
Macronutrients in milk
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Main carbohydrate in milk
Lactose
Disaccharide
Glucose+galactose
Made by the lactocytes
Lactose concentration in milk
Least variable
7%
Human milk is the sweetest of all mammals, most lactose
Lactose roles in milk
- 40% of energy needs
- Draws in water from blood to lactocytes
- Brain growth
- Acid formation in the gut, enhances calcium absorbtion
Oligosaccharides are
Complex sugares
How many oligosaccharides in milk
More than 200 kinds
What is HMO
Human milk oligosaccharides
Most abundant components of milk:
- Lactose
- Lipids
- HMOs
What do HMOs do?
- Prebiotic for bifidobacteria in the gut
- Support immune health
- Decoy receptors. Pathogens bind to them instead of the gut.
- Brain development with cialic acid
- Protect from NEC
PIDEN
Prebiotic
Immune
Decoy receptors
Einstein (brain)
NEC
Where are HMOs made?
In the lactocytes
Where is synthesis of lactose?
Lactocytes
How many calories does lactose provide?
4 kcal
Protein functions in milk
Provide amino acid
Protection against infection
Carriers of hormones
Carriers of vitamins
Enzymatic activity
What’s in whey?
Lala:
Lactofferin
Alpha-lactalbumin
Lysozyme
Antibodies
Lactopherrin
Second most abundant protein in milk
Binds iron and keeps it away from bacteria
Growth factor for b and t lymphocytes
Alpha lactalbumin
The major whey protein
Serves as source of amino acids
Forms complex with oleic acid to make HAMLET - against tumors and bacteria
Helps make lactose in lactocytes
Lysozyme
High concentration enzyme
Anti bacterial
Attacking walls of pathogens
Activity increase as lactation progresses but concentration stays stable
Found in whey
Antibodies -immunoglobulins
G
A
M
E
D
Most common is A
Hormones in milk
Fluctuate with time
Cortisol
Insulin
Thyroxine (T4)
Cholecystokinin
Leptin
Melatonin
Cholecystokinin
Hormone Released when baby is breastfeeding, making baby milk-drunk.
In milk and also released by baby
Leptin
Hormone in the MILK that tells the body it is full
No leptin in formula
Melatonin
Hormone secreted In night milk, peaks at 3 am
Cortisol
Hormone high in colostrum. Higher in morning milk! Promotes alertness.
Thyroid hormones in milk (thyroxine and thyrotropin)
Protect baby from thyroid problems
Growth factors
Bioactive compounds in milk:
Epidermal growth factor, helps to close the gut
Human milk growth factor 1,2,3
Insulin-like growth factor
Fat soluble vitamins in milk
A D E K
Vitamin A in milk
2 kinds:
1) Retinol from animal source like liver, whole milk, eggs
2) pro vitamin, carotenoid from vegetables and fruit. Becomes retinol
Needed for:
Vision
Immune
Skin and membranes
Yellow colosteum
Vitamin d in milk
Mostly from sun light
Deficiency - causes rickets
400 IU supp or mom to take 6400 IU
Vitamin E in milk
Antioxidant
Colostrum is rich in vitamin E
Muscles
Red blood cells resistance to hemolysis
Deficiency - hemolytic anemia
Vitamin k in milk
Blood clotting
Milk has little, takes days for body to produce
Deficiency - hemorrhage
Shot at birth
Smoking effects vitamins
Lowers vitamins with antioxidant properties A E and C
Water soluble vitamins
C and B’s
Vitamin c in milk
Water soluble
Ascorbic acid found in fruit
Levels in milk reflect maternal diet. levels in milk are higher than in plasma.
Antioxidant
Deficiency - bleeding gums and scurvy
Vitamin B12 in milk
Deficiency - anemia, FTT, developmental delay, neurological defects.
Vegan mom or bariatric surgery mom
Vitamin B1 in milk
Deficiency - beriberi
Inositol
Nutrient in vitamin B complex
Involved in circulation and cholesterol metabolism
Role in Brain development
Choline
Essential Nutrients
Grouped with b vitamins but is not a vitamin
Liver and nervous system
MALT
Galt+balt+nalt
Gut, bronchous, nasopharyngeal
Lymphoid tissue
IgA is located in those tissues and fights pathogens
IgA
80-90% of all antibodies
Secretory igA is not digested by acid in the stomach
Higher in colostrum
Baby starts producing igA only after a few months
Formula has no antibodies
Minerals in milk
Bound to protein in milk
More available than in formula
Needs met until 6 months , than need to supplement iron and zinc
Iron in milk
Small amount but baby has stores from in utero
Lactose and vitamin c help with absorbtion
Absorbed 5 times more than from cows milk
Calcium in milk
Small amount but absorbs well
Better absorbs than cows milk
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Berineri
Vitamin B3 deficiency
Causes pellagra
B9
Folate or folic acid
Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects
Sodium in milk
High in:
Colostrum
Weaning milk
Mastitis
Low milk secrition
Zinc in milk
Actively transported to mammary glands
Rise to peak on day 2
High in colostrum then goes down
Acrodermatitis enterophatica
Disorder of zinc metabolism
Presents as skin inflammation
Diaper rash that won’t go away
Rare in breastfed children
They get oral supplements
Fats in milk
4% of milk
50% of energy needs
Provide essential fatty acids
Most variable macronutrients
More unsaturated fat
Increases in second year of lactation
Most of the fat is triglycerides
High content of palmitic oil and oleic acid
Fat is made in the lactocytes
Aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins A D E K
Bioactive components
Cholesterol in milk
Higher in breastfed babies
Lower later in life
DHA in milk
One of the fatty acids
Supports:
Brain development
Nerve myelination
Vision
Most Lacking macronutrients from preterm milk
Calcium and phosphorus
Preterm milk has higher?
Lower?
Higher:
IgA, iron, chloride, sodium, protein, lipids, fatty acids
Lower:
Lactose
