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Ibclc > Milk Composition > Flashcards

Milk Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Fat percentage in milk

A

3-5%

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2
Q

Protein percentage in milk

A

1%

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3
Q

carbohydrate percentage in milk (lactose)

A

7% but there are more oligosaccharides

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4
Q

Yellow color of colosteum

A

Beta carotene, a product of vitamin A

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5
Q

LLAMAS Pee Gold

A

Colostrum main ingredients:
Living cells
Lactopherrin
Secretory IgA
Microbiome
Vitamin A
Sugars HMO’s human milk oligosaccharides
Protein
Growth factor

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6
Q

whey vs casein

A

Whey: liquid and easy to digest
Casein: curds, solid, harder to digest.
Ratio whey:casein
in colostrum 90:10- easy to digest
Mature milk 60:40
Late lactation 50:50

In formula: 20:80

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7
Q

makes up to 90% of white blood cells in colostrum

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

Macronutrients in milk

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

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9
Q

Main carbohydrate in milk

A

Lactose
Disaccharide
Glucose+galactose
Made by the lactocytes

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10
Q

Lactose concentration in milk

A

Least variable
7%
Human milk is the sweetest of all mammals, most lactose

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11
Q

Lactose roles in milk

A
  1. 40% of energy needs
  2. Draws in water from blood to lactocytes
  3. Brain growth
  4. Acid formation in the gut, enhances calcium absorbtion
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12
Q

Oligosaccharides are

A

Complex sugares

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13
Q

How many oligosaccharides in milk

A

More than 200 kinds

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14
Q

What is HMO

A

Human milk oligosaccharides

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15
Q

Most abundant components of milk:

A
  1. Lactose
  2. Lipids
  3. HMOs
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16
Q

What do HMOs do?

A
  1. Prebiotic for bifidobacteria in the gut
  2. Support immune health
  3. Decoy receptors. Pathogens bind to them instead of the gut.
  4. Brain development with cialic acid
  5. Protect from NEC

PIDEN
Prebiotic
Immune
Decoy receptors
Einstein (brain)
NEC

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17
Q

Where are HMOs made?

A

In the lactocytes

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18
Q

Where is synthesis of lactose?

A

Lactocytes

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19
Q

How many calories does lactose provide?

A

4 kcal

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20
Q

Protein functions in milk

A

Provide amino acid
Protection against infection
Carriers of hormones
Carriers of vitamins
Enzymatic activity

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21
Q

What’s in whey?

A

Lala:
Lactofferin
Alpha-lactalbumin
Lysozyme
Antibodies

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22
Q

Lactopherrin

A

Second most abundant protein in milk
Binds iron and keeps it away from bacteria
Growth factor for b and t lymphocytes

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23
Q

Alpha lactalbumin

A

The major whey protein
Serves as source of amino acids
Forms complex with oleic acid to make HAMLET - against tumors and bacteria
Helps make lactose in lactocytes

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24
Q

Lysozyme

A

High concentration enzyme
Anti bacterial
Attacking walls of pathogens
Activity increase as lactation progresses but concentration stays stable
Found in whey

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25
Q

Antibodies -immunoglobulins

A

G
A
M
E
D
Most common is A

26
Q

Hormones in milk

A

Fluctuate with time
Cortisol
Insulin
Thyroxine (T4)
Cholecystokinin
Leptin
Melatonin

27
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Hormone Released when baby is breastfeeding, making baby milk-drunk.
In milk and also released by baby

28
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone in the MILK that tells the body it is full

No leptin in formula

29
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone secreted In night milk, peaks at 3 am

30
Q

Cortisol

A

Hormone high in colostrum. Higher in morning milk! Promotes alertness.

31
Q

Thyroid hormones in milk (thyroxine and thyrotropin)

A

Protect baby from thyroid problems

32
Q

Growth factors

A

Bioactive compounds in milk:
Epidermal growth factor, helps to close the gut
Human milk growth factor 1,2,3
Insulin-like growth factor

33
Q

Fat soluble vitamins in milk

A

A D E K

34
Q

Vitamin A in milk

A

2 kinds:
1) Retinol from animal source like liver, whole milk, eggs
2) pro vitamin, carotenoid from vegetables and fruit. Becomes retinol
Needed for:
Vision
Immune
Skin and membranes
Yellow colosteum

35
Q

Vitamin d in milk

A

Mostly from sun light
Deficiency - causes rickets
400 IU supp or mom to take 6400 IU

36
Q

Vitamin E in milk

A

Antioxidant
Colostrum is rich in vitamin E
Muscles
Red blood cells resistance to hemolysis
Deficiency - hemolytic anemia

37
Q

Vitamin k in milk

A

Blood clotting
Milk has little, takes days for body to produce
Deficiency - hemorrhage
Shot at birth

38
Q

Smoking effects vitamins

A

Lowers vitamins with antioxidant properties A E and C

39
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

C and B’s

40
Q

Vitamin c in milk

A

Water soluble
Ascorbic acid found in fruit
Levels in milk reflect maternal diet. levels in milk are higher than in plasma.
Antioxidant
Deficiency - bleeding gums and scurvy

41
Q

Vitamin B12 in milk

A

Deficiency - anemia, FTT, developmental delay, neurological defects.
Vegan mom or bariatric surgery mom

42
Q

Vitamin B1 in milk

A

Deficiency - beriberi

43
Q

Inositol

A

Nutrient in vitamin B complex
Involved in circulation and cholesterol metabolism
Role in Brain development

44
Q

Choline

A

Essential Nutrients
Grouped with b vitamins but is not a vitamin
Liver and nervous system

45
Q

MALT

A

Galt+balt+nalt
Gut, bronchous, nasopharyngeal
Lymphoid tissue
IgA is located in those tissues and fights pathogens

46
Q

IgA

A

80-90% of all antibodies
Secretory igA is not digested by acid in the stomach
Higher in colostrum
Baby starts producing igA only after a few months
Formula has no antibodies

47
Q

Minerals in milk

A

Bound to protein in milk
More available than in formula
Needs met until 6 months , than need to supplement iron and zinc

48
Q

Iron in milk

A

Small amount but baby has stores from in utero
Lactose and vitamin c help with absorbtion
Absorbed 5 times more than from cows milk

49
Q

Calcium in milk

A

Small amount but absorbs well
Better absorbs than cows milk

50
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Berineri

51
Q

Vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Causes pellagra

52
Q

B9

A

Folate or folic acid
Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects

53
Q

Sodium in milk

A

High in:
Colostrum
Weaning milk
Mastitis
Low milk secrition

54
Q

Zinc in milk

A

Actively transported to mammary glands
Rise to peak on day 2
High in colostrum then goes down

55
Q

Acrodermatitis enterophatica

A

Disorder of zinc metabolism
Presents as skin inflammation
Diaper rash that won’t go away
Rare in breastfed children
They get oral supplements

56
Q

Fats in milk

A

4% of milk
50% of energy needs
Provide essential fatty acids
Most variable macronutrients
More unsaturated fat
Increases in second year of lactation
Most of the fat is triglycerides
High content of palmitic oil and oleic acid
Fat is made in the lactocytes
Aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins A D E K
Bioactive components

57
Q

Cholesterol in milk

A

Higher in breastfed babies
Lower later in life

58
Q

DHA in milk

A

One of the fatty acids
Supports:
Brain development
Nerve myelination
Vision

59
Q

Most Lacking macronutrients from preterm milk

A

Calcium and phosphorus

60
Q

Preterm milk has higher?
Lower?

A

Higher:
IgA, iron, chloride, sodium, protein, lipids, fatty acids

Lower:
Lactose

Ibclc (19 decks)

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