Milk and Dairy Production Flashcards
What is raw milk?
Milk which has not been heated beyond 40C or undergone any treatment that has an equivalent effect
Define milk
Normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more milking without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for consumption as liquid milk or for further processing
What is a milk product?
A product obtained by any processing of milk, which may contain food additives, and other ingredients functionally necessary for the processing
How has milk consumption changed in recent years in the UK?
Liquid milk consumption has decreased but yogurt consumption has increased
How will milk consumption change globally in the next few years?
Will be affected by major market trends such as those in the Asian market which is rapidly increasing
Rapid growth of the global population over 65 will define consumption habits of dairy products
Who is the largest milk producer in the world? How much do they produce? Where is the UK in terms of production?
USA producing 85 billion litres of milk
UK is 10th producing about 15 billion litres of milk
What is the chemical composition of milk?
- 3% water
- 9% fat
- 8% solids (not fat) - protein 3.25%, lactose 4.6%, minerals 0.65%, acids 0.18%, enzymes and vitamins
How does cheese composition differ from that of milk?
More saturated fat
How does yogurt composition differ from milk?
May contain probiotics
What are the current debates around milk consumption and health?
Increases risk of diabetes and prostate cancer vs reduced risk of hypertension and breast cancer
Source of calcium that prevents osteoporosis vs high protein food that increases calcium excretion
In which countries in the UK is raw milk sales allowed?
England, Wales and N. Ireland subject to certain restrictions and requirements
Banned in Scotland since 2004
What are the requirements for raw milk production?
Do not show any symptoms of infectious diseases communicable to humans through milk
Cows in good general state of health, present no sign of disease that might result in the contamination of milk
Do not have any udder wound likely to affect the milk
No unauthorised products or substances have been administered/withdrawal periods have been observed
Herd is free from TB and brucellosis
What are the current controls on the sale of raw cow’s milk in hygiene and food labelling regulations in England and Wales?
May only be sold directly to consumers by registered milk production holdings at the farm gate/in a farmhouse catering operation or through milk roundsmen
Supplying herd must be TB and brucellosis free
Production holding, milking premises and dairy must comply with hygiene rules
Must bear the appropriate health warning
How is raw milk production monitored?
Inspections twice a year
Milk is sampled and tested quarterly under the control of the Agency to monitor compliance with standards for total bacteria count and coliforms
What is raw milk checked for on arrival at processing plant?
Temperature, total acidity, flavour, odour, tanker cleanliness, absence of ABs, microbiological quality (SCC, APC)