Military As Police

Question 1

Problem

Answer 1

How did modern police forces form?
Are they paramilitary?
Relationship between police and military?

Question 2

Debate

Answer 2

Result of democratic processes, carried by civic, municipal governments (bottom up)
Result of centralistic attempt to direct-rule the local (top down)
Correlated with centralisation and rise of modern state

Question 3

Hypotheses

Answer 3

Different trajectories - modernisation/professionalisation of police and central police deployed over the country

Yet ultimately the trajectory is the same - policing not effected by primary civic body, but centralised administration

Question 4

Medieval policing

Answer 4

Emperor as supreme judge
Power to the police delegated to feudal retinue
Self policing in villages
Bottom up policing in independent towns

Question 5

Rise of ‘modern state’ and suppression of local

Answer 5

Centralised states rely on extra ordinary taxes to finance war
State violence typically first

Question 6

Issue of taxes

Answer 6

Taxes lead to resistance
Taxing as a suppression of local self-governance
Taxation/monopolies as a blow to local economy

Question 7

Rebellions - typology

Answer 7

Types - farmers - urban - noble rebellions

Triggers - taxes (mainly), billeting, forced labour

Question 8

Rebellions - trajectory

Answer 8

Expansion of revolt - alliances between groups
Forming of rebel army marching on town to make grievances heard
Suppression by central government of local enemies

Question 9

Aftermath and rise of police forces

Answer 9

Increased military presence
Marshalling of local militias
Suppression of ancient rights

Question 10

Case study - Jacobite rebellions

Answer 10

1689, 1715, 1745 (focus)
Farmers, townsmen, nobles
Trigger - malt and salt tax
Expansion - system of clan alliance, supporters of James II
March on Edinburgh, unsuccessful march on London

Question 11

Aftermath of Jacobite rebellions

Answer 11

Reinforcing garrisons, constructing roads
Black watch (founded 1725)

Question 12

Alternative trajectories - civic police forces

Answer 12

Medieval town - constable militias, watchmen, given rise to the first professional police in the uk - Glasgow 1789

Question 13

Linking with trajectories - demographic growth

Answer 13

Demographic growth and shrinking space create modern state as condensed
Cities grow from civic bodies of natural group sizes
Hence bottom up and top down polices both dispense policing though centralised procedures to a body of citizens

Question 14

Conclusion

Answer 14

Different trajectories - modernisation/professionalism and central police
Yet ultimate same trajectory - policing a central thing
Demilitarisation of police?
Community service?
Smaller more effective corps vs bigger?
Rethinking division of labour military/police?