milgrams variation studies

Question 1

why did milgram conduct a his variation studies?

Answer 1

to investigate the situational factors which might encourage or discourage dissent

Question 2

what were the overall changes?

Answer 2

-participant teacher able to hear learners responses

BUT it was all pre-recorded

Question 3

what were the overall results compared to the original study?

Answer 3

same
65% obedient
used 40 male participants

Question 4

what was the procedure of the first experiment?

and what were the findings?

Answer 4

EXP 10: RUNDOWN OFFICE BLOCK’
Before ptcps said prestigious uni setting led them to trust experimenter, so to test setting, moved to rundown building.
Ptcps told study was being run by private firm, research for industry.
FOUND,
-over 45% fully obedient
-transcripts show ptcps voiced their doubts about legitimacy of research and safety of learner
SO,
shabby setting reduced legitimacy of researcher
setting=important situational factor

Question 5

what was the procedure of another experiment?

and what were the findings?

Answer 5

EXP 7: TELEPHONIC INSTRUCTIONS
FOUND,
-9/40 were fully obedient
-ptcps also lied on the phone and said they were raising shock levels when they weren’t and giving the lowest shock
-when researcher came back into room, defiant ptcps turned obedient
SO,
found it easier to resist authority and presence is important SF that reduces dissent and increases obedience

Question 6

what was the procedure of the last experiment?

and what were the findings?

Answer 6

EXP 13: ORDINARY MAN GIVES ORDERS
Milgram wanted to see if people obey because of of strength of command or status of person.
-ptcp arrives with 2 confederates than 1
1= learner
1=records time from clock
-exp explains task but then receives fake phone call
-asks teacher and confederate recorder to get learner to learn all the word pairs
-once gone, cr suggests giving shocks that increase 15V every time learner makes mistake and insists they follow
FOUND,
80% refused to continue
SHOWS,
orders must come from legitimate source to be effective

Question 7

EXP 10 evaluation:

Answer 7

COLLECTED BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DATA in form of audio recordings and dialogue between ptcp and researcher

Question 8

EXP 10 supporting evidence?

Answer 8

Rochat conducted re-analysis of interview transcripts of 36/40 ptcps in this variation and found the earlier the ptcp challenged the exp, the more likely to be defiant (qual)
This qual data allowed rochat to gain deeper insight into different types of resistance and used data to explain the defiance of some German soldiers who defied authority and rescued potential victims.

Question 9

EXP 7 evaluation?

Answer 9

EVIDENCE FROM OTHER STUDIES- high external internal validity
Study from Jackson in New York zoo
-when authority isn’t present obedience drops significantly
>people leaned on rail as much as they did in baseline condition, where no request was made
SHOWS,
Milgrams results on proximity generalise well to other naturalistic situations

Question 10

EXP 13 evaluation?

Answer 10

LACKS INTERNAL VALIDITY
-Milgram himself explains withdrawal of exp from lab was awkward
-Almost impossible to see what happens when orders come from someone with less authority
-since exp was one who initially described study and idea of giving shocks obedience may have been lower
BECAUSE,
person giving orders is unrelated to any authority figure

Question 11

ISUUES AND DEBATES

Answer 11

PRACTICAL ISSUES in design and execution
EG. 900 ptcps took part in this series of studies which was conducted over months.
May have resulted in ptcps being exposed to those who had already participated and may have discussed shocks weren’t real.
SO,
jeopardises validity of future results as ‘contaminated’ ptcps may have acted according to what they expected to happen rather than showing natural behaviour