Milestones

Question 1

What are the 4 fields of development?

Answer 1

Gross motor
Vision and fine motor
Hearing, speech and language
Social, emotional and behavioural

Question 2

What is the limit age for walking?

Answer 2

18 months

Question 3

What is the limit age for head control?

Answer 3

4 months

Question 4

What is the limit age for sitting unsupported?

Answer 4

9 months

Question 5

What is the limit age for standing independently?

Answer 5

12 months

Question 6

What is the limit age for fixing and following visually?

Answer 6

3 months

Question 7

What is the limit age for pincer grip?

Answer 7

12 months

Question 8

What is the limit age for saying 6 words with meaning?

Answer 8

18 months

Question 9

What is the limit age for smiling?

Answer 9

8 weeks

Question 10

What is the limit age for feeding self?

Answer 10

18 months

Question 11

What is the limit age for symbolic play?

Answer 11

2-2.5 years

Question 12

What are the primitive reflexes? (5)

Answer 12

Moro
Grasp
Rooting
Stepping response
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Question 13

What are the postural reflexes? (4)

Answer 13

Labyrinthine righting
Postural support
Lateral propping
Parachute

Question 14

How do you define developmental delay?

Answer 14

Slow acquisition of all skills or of one particular field of skill

Question 15

How do you define developmental disorder?

Answer 15

Maldevelopment of a skill

Question 16

What are the causes of abnormal motor development? (4)

Answer 16

• Central motor deficit (cerebral palsy)
• Congenital myopathy/primary muscle disease
• Spinal cord lesions (spina bifida)
• Global developmental delay

Question 17

In what scenarios might late walking be normal?

Answer 17

If child bottom shuffles or commando crawls, rather than crawls

Question 18

What are the features of Cerebral Palsy?

Answer 18

• Abnormality of movement and posture, causing activity limitation
• Attributed to non progressive disturbance
• Occurred in foetal or infant brain (<2 years)

Question 19

What percentage of CP occurs antenatally?

Answer 19

80%

Question 20

What percentage of CP occurs due to hypoxic-ischaemic injury during delivery?

Answer 20

10%

Question 21

What percentage of CP occurs postnatally?

Answer 21

10%

Question 22

What are the postnatal causes of CP? (5)

Answer 22

Meningitis/ encephalitis/ encephalopathy
Head trauma
Symptomatic hypoglycaemia
Hydrocephalus
Hyperbilirubinaemia

Question 23

What are the 4 types of CP?

Answer 23

Spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, mixed

Question 24

What are the antenatal causes of CP?

Answer 24

Vascular occlusion
Cortical migration disorders
Structural maldevelopment

Question 25

What is spastic CP?

Answer 25

Damage to UMN pathway
Increased limb tone (velocity dependent)
Brisk reflexes
Upgoing platars

Question 26

What is dyskinetic CP?

Answer 26

Damage to basal ganglia due to kernicterus or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

• Involuntary, uncontrolled movements
• Primitive motor reflexes predominate

Question 27

What is ataxic cerebral palsy?

Answer 27

Mostly genetic, can be acquired brain injury to cerebellum

• Early trunk and limb hypotonia
• Poor balance
• Delayed motor development
• Incoordinate movements
• Intention tremor
• Ataxic gait

Question 28

What is the triad of features in autism?

Answer 28

Impaired social interaction
Speech and language disorder
Imposition of routines, with ritualistic and repetitive behaviour