Milestones Flashcards
What are the 4 fields of development?
Gross motor
Vision and fine motor
Hearing, speech and language
Social, emotional and behavioural
What is the limit age for walking?
18 months
What is the limit age for head control?
4 months
What is the limit age for sitting unsupported?
9 months
What is the limit age for standing independently?
12 months
What is the limit age for fixing and following visually?
3 months
What is the limit age for pincer grip?
12 months
What is the limit age for saying 6 words with meaning?
18 months
What is the limit age for smiling?
8 weeks
What is the limit age for feeding self?
18 months
What is the limit age for symbolic play?
2-2.5 years
What are the primitive reflexes? (5)
Moro Grasp Rooting Stepping response Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
What are the postural reflexes? (4)
Labyrinthine righting
Postural support
Lateral propping
Parachute
How do you define developmental delay?
Slow acquisition of all skills or of one particular field of skill
How do you define developmental disorder?
Maldevelopment of a skill
What are the causes of abnormal motor development? (4)
- Central motor deficit (cerebral palsy)
- Congenital myopathy/primary muscle disease
- Spinal cord lesions (spina bifida)
- Global developmental delay
In what scenarios might late walking be normal?
If child bottom shuffles or commando crawls, rather than crawls
What are the features of Cerebral Palsy?
- Abnormality of movement and posture, causing activity limitation
- Attributed to non progressive disturbance
- Occurred in foetal or infant brain (<2 years)
What percentage of CP occurs antenatally?
80%
What percentage of CP occurs due to hypoxic-ischaemic injury during delivery?
10%
What percentage of CP occurs postnatally?
10%
What are the postnatal causes of CP? (5)
Meningitis/ encephalitis/ encephalopathy Head trauma Symptomatic hypoglycaemia Hydrocephalus Hyperbilirubinaemia
What are the 4 types of CP?
Spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, mixed
What are the antenatal causes of CP?
Vascular occlusion
Cortical migration disorders
Structural maldevelopment
What is spastic CP?
Damage to UMN pathway
Increased limb tone (velocity dependent)
Brisk reflexes
Upgoing platars
What is dyskinetic CP?
Damage to basal ganglia due to kernicterus or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
- Involuntary, uncontrolled movements
- Primitive motor reflexes predominate
What is ataxic cerebral palsy?
Mostly genetic, can be acquired brain injury to cerebellum
- Early trunk and limb hypotonia
- Poor balance
- Delayed motor development
- Incoordinate movements
- Intention tremor
- Ataxic gait
What is the triad of features in autism?
Impaired social interaction
Speech and language disorder
Imposition of routines, with ritualistic and repetitive behaviour
