Milestones

Question 1

Erikson Infant

Answer 1

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)

Caregivers respond to the infant’s basic needs by feeding, changing diapers, cleaning, touching, holding, and talking to the infant. This creates a sense of trust in the infant.

As the nervous system matures, infants realize they are separate beings from their caregivers. Over time the infant learns to tolerate small amounts of frustration and trusts that although gratification may be delayed, it will eventually be provided.

Question 2

Piaget Infant

Answer 2

Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)

• senses and motor skills to learn ab world
• reflexive sucking occurs
• object permanence begins
• imitation begins
• repeat actions to get results
• learn from past behaviors
• associate symbols w events

Question 3

when does object permanence become fully developed

Answer 3

8 months

Question 4

1 month

Answer 4

Lifts and turns head to side in prone position

Head lag when pulled to sit

Rounded back in sitting

Question 5

2 months

Answer 5

Raises head and chest, holds position

Improving head control

Question 6

3 months

Answer 6

Raises head to 45 degrees in prone

Slight head lag in pull-to-sit

Question 7

4 months

Answer 7

Lifts head and looks around

Rolls from prone to supine (rolls on floor rhymes with four)

Head leads body when pulled to sit

Question 8

5 months

Answer 8

Rolls from supine to prone and back again

Sits with back upright when supported

Question 9

6 months

Answer 9

tripod sits

Question 10

7 months

Answer 10

Sits alone with some use of hands for support

Question 11

8 months

Answer 11

Sits unsupported

Question 12

9 months

Answer 12

Crawls with abd off the floor

Question 13

10 months

Answer 13

pulls to stand

cruises

Question 14

12 months

Answer 14

Sits from standing position

Walks independently

Question 15

Infant physical assessment

Answer 15

allow parent to hold

warm objects

soft and high pitched voice

least to most invasive

do face last

explain to parent what you are doing

Question 16

Erikson toddler

Answer 16

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1-3 yr

Achieves autonomy and self-control
Separates from parent/caregiver
Withstands delayed gratification
Negativism abounds
Imitates adults and playmates
Spontaneously shows affection
Is increasingly enthusiastic about playmates

toilet training!

Question 17

Piaget toddlers

Answer 17

Sensorimotor 2-7

OBJECT PERM DEV

Differentiates self from objects

Uses ALL senses to explore environment

Places items in and out of containers

Imitates domestic chores (domestic mimicry)

Imitation is more symbolic

Starting to think before acting

Understands requests and is capable of following simple directions

Has a sense of ownership (my, mine)

Time, space, and causality understanding is increasing
Uses mental trial and error rather than physical

Makes mechanical toys work
Plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people

Increased use of language for mental representation

Understands concept of “two”

Starting to make connections between an experience in the past and a new one that is currently occurring

Sorts objects by shape and color

Completes puzzles with four pieces

Play becomes more complex

Question 18

when can toddlers take turns in games

Answer 18

3

Question 19

toddler assessment findings

Answer 19

rate of growth slows
picky
pot belly - round belly, sway back

Question 20

Toddler language development

Answer 20

occurs rapidly

receptive language is more dev than expressive language

understands directions

echolalia

telegraphic speech

Question 21

Toddler physical assessment

Answer 21

introduce equipment slowly and explain what is happening

let child hold and touch equipment

allow for child to sit with parent in lap

praise child for being cooperative

Question 22

Erikson preschool

Answer 22

initiative vs guilt
3-6

Likes to please parents

Begins to plan activities, make up games

Initiates activities with others
Acts out the roles of other people (real and imaginary)

Develops sexual identity

Develops conscience

May take frustrations out on siblings

Likes exploring new things

Enjoys sports, shopping, cooking, working

Feels remorse when makes wrong choice or behaves badly

Cooperates with other children
Negotiates solutions to conflicts

Question 23

Piaget preschool

Answer 23

Preoperational

egocentric thinking (dec by 4)

short attention span

animism

understands opposites

active imagination

Has intuitive thought processes; knows if something is right or wrong, though cannot state why

curious about facts

Question 24

Preschooler physical assessment

Answer 24

Use simple explanations to inform the child about each step of the examination, offering reassurance as appropriate

Allow him or her to “help” by holding the stethoscope or penlight

If choices are available, offer them to the child. Again, always compliment the child on his or her cooperation

allow child to determine order

Question 25

Erikson school age

Answer 25

industry vs inferiority

Interested in how things are made and run

Success in personal and social tasks

Increased activities outside home—clubs, sports

Increased interactions with peers

Increased interest in knowledge

Needs support and encouragement from important people in child’s life

Needs support when child is not successful

Inferiority occurs with repeated failures with little support or trust from those who are important to the child

Question 26

Piaget school age

Answer 26

concrete operational

Learns by manipulating concrete objects

CANNOT think abstractly

Learns that certain characteristics of objects remain constant

Understands concepts of time

Engages in serial ordering, addition, subtraction

Classifies or groups objects by their common elements

Understands relationships among objects

Starts collections of items

Can reverse thought process

**conservation understood

Question 27

Kohlberg school age

Answer 27

Conventional

MORALITY

“Golden rule”

wants to be “GOOD” person

can put self in others position

act is wrong because it bring punishment

adhering to rules is right thing to do

Question 28

School age physical assessment

Answer 28

Avoid using medical jargon and words that may have a double meaning to a young child. Instead of “take your temperature,” “take your blood pressure,” “hit your knee,” or “test,” say, “Let’s see how warm you are,” “I want to listen to you breathe,” and other phrases that describe, in words the child can understand, what you are preparing to do

do genitals last

Question 29

School age assessment findings

Answer 29

long bones growing
thinning out
permanent teeth erupt
gross spurts
* 9-10 girls, 11-12 boys

Question 30

Puberty

Answer 30

girls - 11
if obese start earlier

boys - 12
if obese delayed start

Question 31

Erikson adolescent

Answer 31

identity vs role confusion

Adolescents are experiencing changes in their bodies and how they see themselves as future adults

They begin to commit to their principles and beliefs, developing self-esteem and self-confidence

matured sexual identity

tries out different roles

attracted to other genders

Question 32

Piaget adolscent

Answer 32

formal operational

abstract thinking est

less risky behaviors

thinks they are invincible

likes making indep decisions

**abstract and deductive develop

Question 33

Kohlberg adolescent

Answer 33

Post-conventional

morals based on peer, family, church

asks broad unanswerable ? ab life

dev own morals

Question 34

Adolescent physical assessment

Answer 34

provide privacy

expose only the area being examined

provide info in matter of fact way

assess with and without parent in room

allow for questions with and without parent

do genitals last