Milestones Flashcards
Erikson Infant
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Caregivers respond to the infant’s basic needs by feeding, changing diapers, cleaning, touching, holding, and talking to the infant. This creates a sense of trust in the infant.
As the nervous system matures, infants realize they are separate beings from their caregivers. Over time the infant learns to tolerate small amounts of frustration and trusts that although gratification may be delayed, it will eventually be provided.
Piaget Infant
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
- senses and motor skills to learn ab world
- reflexive sucking occurs
- object permanence begins
- imitation begins
- repeat actions to get results
- learn from past behaviors
- associate symbols w events
when does object permanence become fully developed
8 months
1 month
Lifts and turns head to side in prone position
Head lag when pulled to sit
Rounded back in sitting
2 months
Raises head and chest, holds position
Improving head control
3 months
Raises head to 45 degrees in prone
Slight head lag in pull-to-sit
4 months
Lifts head and looks around
Rolls from prone to supine (rolls on floor rhymes with four)
Head leads body when pulled to sit
5 months
Rolls from supine to prone and back again
Sits with back upright when supported
6 months
tripod sits
7 months
Sits alone with some use of hands for support
8 months
Sits unsupported
9 months
Crawls with abd off the floor
10 months
pulls to stand
cruises
12 months
Sits from standing position
Walks independently
Infant physical assessment
allow parent to hold
warm objects
soft and high pitched voice
least to most invasive
do face last
explain to parent what you are doing
Erikson toddler
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1-3 yr
Achieves autonomy and self-control
Separates from parent/caregiver
Withstands delayed gratification
Negativism abounds
Imitates adults and playmates
Spontaneously shows affection
Is increasingly enthusiastic about playmates
toilet training!
Piaget toddlers
Sensorimotor 2-7
OBJECT PERM DEV
Differentiates self from objects
Uses ALL senses to explore environment
Places items in and out of containers
Imitates domestic chores (domestic mimicry)
Imitation is more symbolic
Starting to think before acting
Understands requests and is capable of following simple directions
Has a sense of ownership (my, mine)
Time, space, and causality understanding is increasing
Uses mental trial and error rather than physical
Makes mechanical toys work
Plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people
Increased use of language for mental representation
Understands concept of “two”
Starting to make connections between an experience in the past and a new one that is currently occurring
Sorts objects by shape and color
Completes puzzles with four pieces
Play becomes more complex
when can toddlers take turns in games
3
toddler assessment findings
rate of growth slows
picky
pot belly - round belly, sway back
Toddler language development
occurs rapidly
receptive language is more dev than expressive language
understands directions
echolalia
telegraphic speech
Toddler physical assessment
introduce equipment slowly and explain what is happening
let child hold and touch equipment
allow for child to sit with parent in lap
praise child for being cooperative
Erikson preschool
initiative vs guilt
3-6
Likes to please parents
Begins to plan activities, make up games
Initiates activities with others
Acts out the roles of other people (real and imaginary)
Develops sexual identity
Develops conscience
May take frustrations out on siblings
Likes exploring new things
Enjoys sports, shopping, cooking, working
Feels remorse when makes wrong choice or behaves badly
Cooperates with other children
Negotiates solutions to conflicts
Piaget preschool
Preoperational
egocentric thinking (dec by 4)
short attention span
animism
understands opposites
active imagination
Has intuitive thought processes; knows if something is right or wrong, though cannot state why
curious about facts
Preschooler physical assessment
Use simple explanations to inform the child about each step of the examination, offering reassurance as appropriate
Allow him or her to “help” by holding the stethoscope or penlight
If choices are available, offer them to the child. Again, always compliment the child on his or her cooperation
allow child to determine order
Erikson school age
industry vs inferiority
Interested in how things are made and run
Success in personal and social tasks
Increased activities outside home—clubs, sports
Increased interactions with peers
Increased interest in knowledge
Needs support and encouragement from important people in child’s life
Needs support when child is not successful
Inferiority occurs with repeated failures with little support or trust from those who are important to the child
Piaget school age
concrete operational
Learns by manipulating concrete objects
CANNOT think abstractly
Learns that certain characteristics of objects remain constant
Understands concepts of time
Engages in serial ordering, addition, subtraction
Classifies or groups objects by their common elements
Understands relationships among objects
Starts collections of items
Can reverse thought process
**conservation understood
Kohlberg school age
Conventional
MORALITY
“Golden rule”
wants to be “GOOD” person
can put self in others position
act is wrong because it bring punishment
adhering to rules is right thing to do
School age physical assessment
Avoid using medical jargon and words that may have a double meaning to a young child. Instead of “take your temperature,” “take your blood pressure,” “hit your knee,” or “test,” say, “Let’s see how warm you are,” “I want to listen to you breathe,” and other phrases that describe, in words the child can understand, what you are preparing to do
do genitals last
School age assessment findings
long bones growing
thinning out
permanent teeth erupt
gross spurts
* 9-10 girls, 11-12 boys
Puberty
girls - 11
if obese start earlier
boys - 12
if obese delayed start
Erikson adolescent
identity vs role confusion
Adolescents are experiencing changes in their bodies and how they see themselves as future adults
They begin to commit to their principles and beliefs, developing self-esteem and self-confidence
matured sexual identity
tries out different roles
attracted to other genders
Piaget adolscent
formal operational
abstract thinking est
less risky behaviors
thinks they are invincible
likes making indep decisions
**abstract and deductive develop
Kohlberg adolescent
Post-conventional
morals based on peer, family, church
asks broad unanswerable ? ab life
dev own morals
Adolescent physical assessment
provide privacy
expose only the area being examined
provide info in matter of fact way
assess with and without parent in room
allow for questions with and without parent
do genitals last
