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milestone Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a protein?

A

made of amino acid

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2
Q

H+ combined with OH- to form _____

A
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3
Q

What does it mean for a substance to be organic?

A

has carbon

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4
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

protein, nucleic acid
made of large particles

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5
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

simple sugars
glucose, fructose

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6
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

two sugar molecules
sucrose, lactose

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7
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

starch

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8
Q

What is the indicator for monosaccharides?

A

benedict’s

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9
Q

What is the indicator for polysaccharides?

A

iodine

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10
Q

What is the indicator for proteins?

A

biuret

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11
Q

What goes in and out of glycolysis?

A

glucose–> Pyruvate acid, ATP

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12
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

thylakoid

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic

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15
Q

What goes in and out of the krebs cycle?

A

pyruvic acid–> CO2 + many electrons

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16
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

What goes in and out of the electron transport chain?

A

electron+ADP–> 32 ATP

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18
Q

What is special about the electron transport chain?

A

makes the most ATP

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19
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

Is the electron transport chain anaerobic or aerobic?

A

aerobic

21
Q

What is cohesion?

A

water sticking to itself

22
Q

What is adhesion?

A

water sticking to other things

23
Q

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

stroma

24
Q

What does the CO2 combine with?

A

H+

25
Q

What does the CO2 and H+ create?

A

glucose

26
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Each parent gives only half of the chromosomes

27
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Alleles are chosen at random

28
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication?

A

unzipping (enzymes break hydrogen bonds between base pairs)

29
Q

What are the three enzymes that unzip the DNA?

A

polymerase, helicase, and i think something that starts with an L

30
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication?

A

free-floating nucleotides attach base pairs to single-stranded DNA

31
Q

What is the third step of DNA replication?

A

two identical copies of the original DNA are created half new half old

32
Q

What are the four main differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • nucleotides
  • sugar
  • # of strands
  • location
33
Q

Does RNA or DNA store instructions to make protein?

A

DNA

34
Q

Where are proteins created?

A

ribosomes

35
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

sends messages for what proteins should be created

36
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

forms ribosomes

37
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

transports amino acid to making protein

38
Q

What is transcription?

A
39
Q

What is the first step of transcription?

A

Enzyme unzips the DNA’s hydrogen bonds between base pairs

40
Q

What is the second step of transcription?

A

free-floating RNA nucleotides attach to complimentary DNA nucleotide by polymerase

41
Q

What is the third step of transcription?

A

mRNA is created

42
Q

What is the fourth step in transcription?

A

mRNA detaches from the DNA and goes to the ribosomes

43
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence.

44
Q

What phase do they take a picture of for a karyotype?

A

metaphase

45
Q

What is natural selection and what elements is it made up of?

A

reproduction, heredity, variation in fitness or organisms, variation in individual characters

46
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

one thingy was chosen so it goes zoooom up

47
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

when organisms rapidly evolve from their ancestor

48
Q

What are the five aspects of evolution?

A

small population, non-random matching, mutation, gene flow, natural selection

biology (4 decks)

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