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biology > first semester exam > Flashcards

first semester exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is glycolysis

A

Taking energy from glucose

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2
Q

What goes in and out of glycolysis?

A

glucose+2ATP–>4ATP+2 pyruvic acid

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3
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

both

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5
Q

What goes in and out of the krebs cycle?

A

kreb’s cycle: breaks down the acid
pyruvic acid–> CO2+ many electrons

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6
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

Is the krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?

A

aerobic

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8
Q

What goes in and out of the electron transport chain?

A

Electron+ADP–>ATP

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9
Q

What is special about the electron transport chain?

A

where most of the ATP comes from

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10
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

Is the electron transport chain anaerobic or aerobic?

A

aerobic

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12
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

thylakoid

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13
Q

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

stroma

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14
Q

What does the CO2 and H+ create?

A

sugars

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15
Q

What is an active site?

A

where the substrate binds to the enzyme
shaped like a puzzle piece

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16
Q

What are substrates?

A

reactants of the chemical reaction
connects to the enzyme

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17
Q

What is a macromolecule

A

carbohydrates, lipids (or fats), proteins, and nucleic acids

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18
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

glucose

19
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

simple sugars

20
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

carbohydrates

21
Q

What is the indicator for monosaccharides?

A

benedicts

22
Q

What is the indicator for polysaccharides?

A

iodine

23
Q

What is the indicator for proteins?

A

Biuret

24
Q

What do you call uncondensed DNA?

A

chromatin

25
Q

What do you call condensed DNA?

A

chromosomes

26
Q

What are the characteristics of life

A
  1. made of cells
  2. reproduce
  3. have a genetic code in DNA
  4. grow
  5. use food for energy (metabolism)
  6. respond to their environment
  7. homeostasis
  8. evolve
27
Q

Identify the main elements that make up living cells.

A

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

28
Q

What happens in prophase I

A

homologous chromosomes coil to form a tetrad
crossing over may occur

29
Q

What happens in metaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell in pairs

30
Q

What happens in anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes separate to the poles
CENTROMERES DO NOT SPLIT

31
Q

What happens in telophase I

A

same as mitosis

32
Q

What happens in prophase II

A

same as mitosis

33
Q

What happens in metaphase II

A

same as mitosis

34
Q

What happens in anaphase II

A

same as mitosis

35
Q

What happens in telophase II

A

same as mitosis but four new haploid cells are created

36
Q

DNA in prophase

A

chromatin coils into chromosomes

37
Q

DNA in metaphase

A

chromosomes

38
Q

DNA in anaphase

A

sister chromatid
no longer chromosomes because they have seperated

39
Q

DNA in telophase

A

chromosomes decondense into chromatin

40
Q

What happens in the light dependent reaction?

A

sunlight causes electrons in the chlorophyll to gain energy, and it is used to make ATP.
H2O breaks down which replaces lost electrons and releases oxygen into the atmosphere.
H+ attaches to NADP which goes to the calvin cycle.

41
Q

What happens in the calvin/light independent cycle

A

CO2 from the atmosphere combines with H+ to form simple sugars which act as food for plants. The glucose created is also consumed by heterotrophs.

42
Q

What happens in cellular respiration?

A

-Aerobic
-cytoplasm and mitochondria
-6O2+C6H12O6–> 6CO2+6H2O+energy
-glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain

43
Q

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

A

-occurs in the muscles
-glycolysis
-lactic acid fermentation (pyruvic acid–>lactic acid)

44
Q

What happens in alcoholic fermentation?

A

-yeast
-glycolysis
-alcoholic fermentation (pyruvic acid–>ethyl alcohol+CO2

biology (4 decks)

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