first semester exam Flashcards
What is glycolysis
Taking energy from glucose
What goes in and out of glycolysis?
glucose+2ATP–>4ATP+2 pyruvic acid
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
both
What goes in and out of the krebs cycle?
kreb’s cycle: breaks down the acid
pyruvic acid–> CO2+ many electrons
Where does the krebs cycle take place?
mitochondria
Is the krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?
aerobic
What goes in and out of the electron transport chain?
Electron+ADP–>ATP
What is special about the electron transport chain?
where most of the ATP comes from
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
mitochondria
Is the electron transport chain anaerobic or aerobic?
aerobic
Where does the light dependent reaction occur?
thylakoid
Where does the calvin cycle take place?
stroma
What does the CO2 and H+ create?
sugars
What is an active site?
where the substrate binds to the enzyme
shaped like a puzzle piece
What are substrates?
reactants of the chemical reaction
connects to the enzyme
What is a macromolecule
carbohydrates, lipids (or fats), proteins, and nucleic acids
What is a monosaccharide?
glucose
What is a Disaccharide?
simple sugars
What is a polysaccharide?
carbohydrates
What is the indicator for monosaccharides?
benedicts
What is the indicator for polysaccharides?
iodine
What is the indicator for proteins?
Biuret
What do you call uncondensed DNA?
chromatin
What do you call condensed DNA?
chromosomes
What are the characteristics of life
- made of cells
- reproduce
- have a genetic code in DNA
- grow
- use food for energy (metabolism)
- respond to their environment
- homeostasis
- evolve
Identify the main elements that make up living cells.
nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
What happens in prophase I
homologous chromosomes coil to form a tetrad
crossing over may occur
What happens in metaphase I
homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell in pairs
What happens in anaphase I
homologous chromosomes separate to the poles
CENTROMERES DO NOT SPLIT
What happens in telophase I
same as mitosis
What happens in prophase II
same as mitosis
What happens in metaphase II
same as mitosis
What happens in anaphase II
same as mitosis
What happens in telophase II
same as mitosis but four new haploid cells are created
DNA in prophase
chromatin coils into chromosomes
DNA in metaphase
chromosomes
DNA in anaphase
sister chromatid
no longer chromosomes because they have seperated
DNA in telophase
chromosomes decondense into chromatin
What happens in the light dependent reaction?
sunlight causes electrons in the chlorophyll to gain energy, and it is used to make ATP.
H2O breaks down which replaces lost electrons and releases oxygen into the atmosphere.
H+ attaches to NADP which goes to the calvin cycle.
What happens in the calvin/light independent cycle
CO2 from the atmosphere combines with H+ to form simple sugars which act as food for plants. The glucose created is also consumed by heterotrophs.
What happens in cellular respiration?
-Aerobic
-cytoplasm and mitochondria
-6O2+C6H12O6–> 6CO2+6H2O+energy
-glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain
What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
-occurs in the muscles
-glycolysis
-lactic acid fermentation (pyruvic acid–>lactic acid)
What happens in alcoholic fermentation?
-yeast
-glycolysis
-alcoholic fermentation (pyruvic acid–>ethyl alcohol+CO2
