Mild Cognitive Impairment

Question 1

What is mild cognitive impairment?

Answer 1

Cognitive decline beyond that expected for age and education without significantly interfering with normal daily function

Question 2

What us dementia?

Answer 2

Chronic and progressive insidious deterioration of behaviour and higher intellectual function due to organic brain disease

Question 3

What are similarities between MCI and dementia?

Answer 3

Both impact a person cognitive ability

Neither impacts a persons consciousness

Question 4

What’d are the differences between MCI and dementia?

Answer 4

MCI Dementia
- may be normal part of ageing - not normal part of ageing
- set of symptoms and not disease - chronic syndrome from a variety of diseases and illness
- no drifts approved or illness - some drugs available - particularly for Alzheimer’s

Question 5

What dog MCI symptoms usually affect?

Answer 5

Memory

Reasoning

Planning or problem solving

Attention

Language

Visual depth perception

Question 6

How can you reduce the risk of developing dementia?

Answer 6

Physical activity

Mediterranean diet

Not smoking

Not drinking to excess

Remaining socially active

Engaging in cognitive stimulation

Prompt treatment of infection or depression

Question 7

How does physical activity help reduce risk of developing dementia?

Answer 7

Limiting likeness of an individual experiencing a stroke or heart disease

Question 8

How does a Mediterranean diet help reduce the risk of developing dementia?

Answer 8

High levels of antioxidants associated from the high intake off fruit and veg minimise damage to cerebral neurones + reducing beta-amyloid plaques

Question 9

How can you diagnose MCI?

Answer 9

Six item cognitive impairment test

Question 10

What do the scores on the cognitive impairment test mean?

Answer 10

0-7 —> normal —> referral not necessary

8-9 —> MCI —> probably refer

10-28 —> severe MCI —> refer

Question 11

What is one thing to remember for the 6 item cognitive impairment test?

Answer 11

Subjective for every person —> compare to what they would normally get

Question 12

What questions test fro orientation?

Answer 12

1,2,4

Question 13

What questions test for attention?

Answer 13

5,6

Question 14

What questions test for short-term memory?

Answer 14

7

Question 15

What part of the brain is associated with orientation?

Answer 15

Cingulative cortex

Question 16

What part of the brain is associated with attention?

Answer 16

Anterior thalamus

Question 17

What part of the brain is associated with short-term memory?

Answer 17

Hippocampus

Question 18

What is the onset for Alzheimer’s like?

Answer 18

Progressive and insidious

Question 19

How is AD characterised?

Answer 19

Memory impairment

As disease progresses:
- language defects
- impaired visuospatial skills
- loss of judgement
- inability to conduct daily activities

Question 20

What is amnesia?

Answer 20

Loss of short-term memory

Question 21

What is anomia?

Answer 21

Inability to name objects

Question 22

What is apraxia?

Answer 22

Loss of dexterity

Question 23

What is agnosia?

Answer 23

Inability to recognise things —> unable to understand function of objects

Question 24

What is aphasia?

Answer 24

Inability to talk

Question 25

What are some symptoms of AD?

Answer 25

Misplacing items

Forgetting recent events, faces and names

Increasingly repetitive

Uncertainty about date/time

Misdirection

Increased anxiety and irritability

Question 26

How do extracellular amyloid plaques contribute to AD?

Answer 26

Amyloid precursor protein cleaved by beta and gamma secretases

Results on surplus of amyloid-beta

Amyloid-beta aggregates into oligomers and fibrils w/ beta-sheet pairing

Diffuses out of cell

Accumulation forms amyloid plaques

Interfere w/ neuronal communication and contributes towards inflammation

Question 27

Hope do intracellular neurofibrillary tangles contribute to AD?

Answer 27

Tau hyper-phosphorylation undergoes oligomerisation

Aggregate into filamntous neutrophils-fibrillar tangles (NFTs)

NFTs disrupt microtubular system —> impaired neuronal growth, transport and communication

Question 28

How does synaptic deterioration and neuronal death?

Answer 28

Neurones rich in ACh —> neuronal atrophy causes a decrease

ACh involved in memory function

Loss of neurones in the brainstem’s median raphe and locus cerulean neurones —> serotonin and noradrenaline reduction —> mood and sleep effects

AChesterase inhibitors prescribed

Question 29

What causes vascular dementia?

Answer 29

Reduced blood supply tot he brain due to diseased vessels and multiple infarcts

Question 30

What is the progression of vascular dementia like?

Answer 30

Stepwise

Sudden dramatic chnages

Question 31

What a re the symptoms of vascular dementia?

Answer 31

Slower thinking

Personality changes

Movement problems

Bladder problems

Question 32

What causes Lewy-body dementia?

Answer 32

Aberrant deposits of alpha-sync lien proteins (levy bodies) within the brain

Question 33

What is the onset of levy body dementia like?

Answer 33

Progressive and insidious onset over time

Question 34

What a re some symptoms of levy-body dementia?

Answer 34

Hallucinations

Sleep problems

Memory loss

Movement impairments

Tremor

Question 35

What causes frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 35

Neuronal atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes dive to presence of abnormal proteins —> predominantly phosphorylate tau

Question 36

What is the genetic component of frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 36

Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern

Question 37

What is the onset for frontotemporal dementia like?

Answer 37

Chronic and progressive disease

Onset of symptoms can occur more rapidly and earlier than other forms

Question 38

What are the symptoms of frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 38

Speech problems, Disinhibition —> frontal lobe

Semantic dementia, Progressive non-f;Laurent aphasia —> temporal lobe

Obsessions

Diet

Lack of interest