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CSI 1a > Hospital Aquired Infecttions > Flashcards

Hospital Aquired Infecttions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a HAI?

A

An infection that patients get while receiving treatment for medical or surgical conditions

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2
Q

Where can your pick up a HAI?

A

Different types of healthcare settings:
- acute care hospitals
- GP practises
- outpatient clinics
- hospices
- long term care facilities

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3
Q

What are the 2 main central line associated infections?

A

CLABSI —> central line associated blood stream infection
—> germs enter bloodstream through tube place in large vein

MRSA —> methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

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4
Q

How can you prevent HAI?

A

Proper education and training

Careful insertion, maintenance and prompt removal of catheters

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5
Q

what are risk factors for HAI?

A

Medical procedures

Antibiotic use

Patients characteristics

Behaviour of healthcare staff

Healthcare facility

Length of hospital stay

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6
Q

What are the 6 links in the chain of infection?

A
  1. Infectious agent or germ
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of exit
  4. Mode of transmission
  5. Portal of entry
  6. Susceptible host
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of reservoirs?

A

Human reservoir

Animal reservoir

Environmental reservoir

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8
Q

What is a human reservoir?

A

Person to person

—> relatively easy for eradication —> narrow down to last human case

E.g STDs, measles, mumps

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9
Q

What is an animal reservoir?

A

Pathogens in animals

—> human is the incidental host

E.g SARS - CoV -2

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10
Q

What is an environmental reservoir?

A

Plant, soil, water

E.g many fungal agents

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11
Q

What are examples of portals of exit?

A

Path by which pathogen leaves the reservoir/host

—> bodily fluids

—> coughs

—> sneezes

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12
Q

What are the two types of mode of transmission?

A

Direct

Indirect

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13
Q

What are the types of direct transmission?

A

Direct contact —> skin to skin, kissing, intecourse

Droplet spread —> spray, aerosols, coughing, talking

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14
Q

What are the types of indirect transmission?

A

Airborne —> suspended air particles —> dust or droplet nuclei

Vehicle-borne —> inanimate objects —> food, water, blood, famites

Vector-borne —> animate intermediates

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of vector-borne transmission?

A

Mechanical —> animal carries pathogen from 1 host to another but doesn’t get infected itself

Biological —> Pathogens reproduces w/in biological vector

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16
Q

What does a susceptible host depend on?

A

Genetic or constitutional factors

Specific immunity

Non-specific factors

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17
Q

What does specific immunity include?

A

Infection or vaccine

Trans placental —> mother to foetus

18
Q

What does non-specific immunity involved?

A

Skin, mucous membrane, coughing reflex …

Acquired —> malnutrition, alcoholism, disease, therapy (chemo)

19
Q

What are some control measures?

A

Control eliminate agent at source —> antibodies, treat infected individuals

Mode of transmission —> isolating, eliminate/decontaminate vehicle, ventilation

Portals of entry —> mosquito nets, mask/gloves

20
Q

What are the 5 moments of hand hygiene?

A
  1. Before touching a patient
  2. Before clean/aseptic procedures
  3. After body fluid exposure risk
  4. After touching a patient
  5. After touching patient surroundings
21
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Body’s extreme reaction to an infection

22
Q

What is shock?

A

An imbalance in supply and demand

23
Q

What is the sequence of septic shock?

A
  1. Blood pressure drops
  2. Tachycardia —> increased HR to increase BP
  3. Respiratory rate goes up
24
Q

In what way are antibiotics given for sepsis and why?

A

IV —> faster delivery + systemic effect

25
Q

What happens in the altered target site of antibiotic resistance?

A

Acquisition of alternative gene or gene that encodes a target-modifying enzyme
—> alters structural conformation of protein that antibiotic targets

26
Q

What happens in decreased drug accumulation of antibiotic resistance?

A

Reduced penetration of antibiotic or increased efflux of antibiotic

27
Q

What happens in the altered mechanism profile of antibiotic resistance?

A

Switch to other metabolic pathways

Increased production of enzyme substrate can outcompete the antibiotic inhibitor

28
Q

What happens in the inactivation of antibiotic of antibiotic resistance?

A

Enzymatic degradation or alteration rendering antibiotic ineffective

29
Q

What does beta-lactam antibiotics contain?

A

Beta-lactam ring

30
Q

How do beta-lactate antibiotics work?

A

Interfere w/ synthesis of peptidoglycan

By mimicking components of the cell wall

Enzymes in bacteria confuse B-lactate antibiotics for cell wall precursors

Bind to it

Deactivates it

Halts cell wall production

Cell wall loses structural integrity

Cell lysis

31
Q

What are Beta-lactamases?

A

Enzymes produced by bacteria to provide resistance to beta-lactate antibiotics

32
Q

What are beta-lactamase inhibitors?

A

Medication used to inhibit activity of beta-lactamases —> allow beta-lactam antibiotics to work properly

33
Q

What is co-amoxiclav?

A

Antibiotic consisting of both amoxicillin an clavulanic acid

34
Q

What is clavulanic acid?

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitor —> prevents breakdown of amoxicillin

35
Q

How can other germs become antibiotic resistant quickly?

A

Resistance genes are often found in plasmids —> bacteria can share their DNA

36
Q

How are plasmids a source of antibiotic resistance genes?

A

Has extra chromosomal circular DNA that often carries multiple resistance genes

37
Q

How can transposons be a source of antibiotic resistance genes?

A

They are molecular shuttles that integrate plasmids into chromosomal DNA

38
Q

How can naked DNA be a source of antibiotic resistance?

A

DNA from dead bacteria released into the environment —> bacteria can incorporate it into their own DNA

39
Q

How are bacteriophages a source of antibiotic resistance?

A

They are viruses that attack bacteria and carry DNA from germ to germ

40
Q

What is transduction?

A

Resistance genes can be transferred from one gene to another via bacteriophages

41
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Resistance genes can be transferred between germs when they connect via a pilus

42
Q

What is transformation?

A

Extracellular resistance genes released form nearby live or dead germs can be picked up directly by another germ

CSI 1a (4 decks)

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