Freshers Flu

Question 1

What are some symptoms of a common cold?

Answer 1

Blocked or runny nose

Sore throat

Headache

Muscle ache

Cough

Sneezing

Raised temp

Pressure in ears and face

Loss of taste and smell

Question 2

What are some symptoms of the flu?

Answer 2

Sudden fever (38C plus)

Aching body

Feeling exhausted or tired

Dry cough

Sore throat

Headache

Difficulty sleeping

Loss of appetite

Diarrhoea or tummy pain

Felling to being sick

Question 3

Cold vs Flu

Answer 3

Cold Flu
- appears gradually - appears quickly w/in hrs
- affects mainly nose and - affects more than nose and
throat throat
- okay to carry on - too unwell to carry on
- most common symptom - most common symptom is a
is a sore throat cough

Question 4

What are the causative viruses of a cold?

Answer 4

Rhinovirus

Coronavirus

Influenza virus

Adenovirus

Question 5

What is the causative virus of the flu?

Answer 5

Influenza virus

Question 6

What is the causative virus of covid 19?

Answer 6

Coronovirus

Question 7

What does the rhinovirus interact with?

Answer 7

ICAM1

Question 8

What does the coronavirus interact with?

Answer 8

ACE 2

Question 9

What membrane proteins does influenza contain and what do they interact with?

Answer 9

Haemagglutanin

Neuraminidase

—> interact with Salic acid

Question 10

How does haemagglutanin interact with sialic acid?

Answer 10

Binds to sialic acid on surface of target cell —> allow virus to enter cell

Question 11

What does haemagglutinin cause on erythrocytes?

Answer 11

Binding results in heamaglutinition —> creates network/lattice of interconnected RBCs and virus particles

Question 12

How does neuraminidase interact with sialic acid?

Answer 12

A glycoside hydrolase enzyme —> cleaves sialic acid side group from glycoproteins —> allows virus release —> infect other cells

Question 13

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 13

Natural mutation overtime of a known strain resulting in small genetic changes

Question 14

How does genetic drift occur?

Answer 14

Viruses genetic material is RNA —> no proofing mechanism

Initially have same antigenic properties

Accumulation eventually gives way to different antigenic material
—> ppl become susceptible again —> loss of immunity and vaccine miss-match

Question 15

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 15

Abrupt major change in virus

Question 16

Where does antigenic shift only occur?

Answer 16

Influenza A

Question 17

How does antigenic shift occur?

Answer 17

Formation of new infkuenza A virus subtype or virus w/ a haemogglutinin or haemgglutinin/neuraminidase combination that has emerged from an animal population
—> so different from the same subtyope in humans most ppl don’t have immunity to new virus

Genetic change confers phenotypic change

2 diff strains affects the same cell —> genetic material combine to produce new progeny

Question 18

What are some risk factors?

Answer 18

Age

Asthma

Pregnacy

Immune conditions

Stress —> long term stress —> cortisol —> immunosuppressive effect

Over exertion in exercise or sedentary lifestyle

Diet

Lack of sleep

Poor hygiene

Close proximity to many people

Alcohol

Obesity

Co-morbidities/ chronic diseases

People living in long term facilities

Question 19

What are Zola’s triggers?

Answer 19

1. Occurrence of interpersonal crisis
2. Perceived interference w/ social or personal relations
3. Sanctioning by others
4. Perceived interference w/ vocational or physical activity
5. Temporalizing —> e.g setting a deadline

Question 20

What is Helman’s folk model of illness?

Answer 20

Patient considers following questions when faced w/ possible illness:

1. What has happened?
2. Why has it happend?
3. Why has it happened to me?
4. Why me?
5. What would happen to me if nothing were done about it?
6. What should I do about it or to whom should I turn to for further help?