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Geography paper 2 case studies > Migration, identity, and Sovereignty > Flashcards

Migration, identity, and Sovereignty Flashcards

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1
Q

In most advanced economies what % of the population is immigrants?

A

5%

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2
Q

What % of Japan’s population is immigrants?

A

1.7%

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3
Q

Why is migration limited in Japan?

A

Japanese is not an international language + closed door policy towards migrants

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4
Q

By 2060 what will the ratio of workers to retirees in Japan be?

A

3 workers for every 2 retirees

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5
Q

What is Singapore’s population?

A

5.7 million

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6
Q

What is Singapore’s stance on immigration?

A

Open policy towards economic migrants

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7
Q

What is Singapore’s two tier system?

A

Recognises foreign workers (unskilled workers) and foreign talent (skilled workers)

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8
Q

What is Australia’s stance on immigration?

A

Very strict policies, based on skills and employment.

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9
Q

In 2013 how many economic migrants entered Australia?

A

190,000

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10
Q

Until 1973 how did the Australian government select migrants?

A

Mostly based on race and ethnicity.

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11
Q

In 1978 how much of China’s population lived in cities?

A

20%

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12
Q

In 2020 how much of China’s population lived in cities

A

60%

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13
Q

What are the Celtiberian Highlands?

A

A region east of Madrid facing rapid depopulation

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14
Q

What is the population density in the Celtiberian Highlands?

A

8 people/ km^2

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15
Q

What effect does rural unemployment have on the Celtiberian highlands?

A

Many young people migrate to Madrid and Barcelona for employment.

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16
Q

What is the Schengen area?

A

An area within which member countries have abolished border controls at mutual borders

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17
Q

How many states are in the Schengen area?

A

29

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18
Q

In 2023 how many illegal immigrants were detected entering the UK?

A

52,530

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19
Q

What % of illegal immigrants claimed asylum in the UK in 2023?

A

90%

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20
Q

In the 1990s how much did the number of Mexican workers in the US increase?

A

2.9 million

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21
Q

How did the US unemployment rate change from 1990-2000

A

Went down from 6.3% to 3.9%

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22
Q

By what % did the Mexican foreign born population in the US increase during the 90s?

A

104%

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23
Q

How much did Mexican workers send home in remittances in 2022?

A

55.9 billion USD

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24
Q

How many ethnic groups are there in the DRC?

A

240

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25
Q

What state did Belgium, Germany, and the UK establish?

A

Uganda and Rwanda

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26
Q

What happened to the Hutu and Tutsi populations as a result of post-colonialism?

A

The population became fragmented by the establishment of Rwanda and Uganda

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27
Q

From 1998 to 2008 how many people died in Africa?

A

5 million

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28
Q

During the 90s shy did the DRC’s neighbouring states enter with armies?

A

To support ethnic groups with whom the claimed kinship

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29
Q

What is the ethnic composition of Crimea?

A

58% Russian, 12% Tatar, 24% Ukrainian

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30
Q

When did Russia Annex crimea?

A

2014

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31
Q

Why did Russia Annex Crimea?

A

On the basis that most of the population was ethnically Russian and the Ukranian government wasn’t protecting them

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32
Q

What is China’s stance on Taiwan?

A

China still claims sovereignty over Taiwan and regards it as a rebel province

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33
Q

By what year does China need to have unified with Taiwan according to XI Jinping?

A

2049

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34
Q

Who controlled Vietnam before WW2?

A

France

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35
Q

Who controlled Vietnam during WW2?

A

Japan

36
Q

What happened to Vietnam after WW2?

A

Ho Chi Minh took over the North and proclaimed independence from the French

37
Q

How did the UN intervene in Vietnam?

A

Split the country into the communist north and the capitalist south.

38
Q

What happened in Vietnam after the UN intervention?

A

A guerilla campaign emerged and turned into war

39
Q

How many died in Vietnam as a result of the war?

A

3 million

40
Q

What sanctions were placed on Iran in 2012?

A

An oil embargo was put into place to limit the countries revenue.

41
Q

Why were sanctions placed on Iran in 2012?

A

There were suspicions that Iran was making nuclear weapons.

42
Q

Which nations imposed sanctions on Iran?

A

EU and the US sanctioned the Iranian oil sector and the US also imposed financial sanctions targeting the central bank

43
Q

What impacts did the Iranian oil embargo have on Iran and the globe?

A

Iran experienced unemployment, inflation and a shrinking GDP. The oil market was also disrupted on a global scale.

44
Q

Since 1999 how much has been spent on UN peacekeeping troops?

A

10 billion USD

45
Q

What is MONUSCO?

A

The UN mission to stabilise the democratic republic of Congo

46
Q

How many UN peacekeepers were stationed in the DRC in 2017?

A

18,000

47
Q

What are the benefits of the UN peacekeepers in the Congo?

A

They provide the Congolese people with protection from rebel militias.

48
Q

What are the negatives of the UN peacekeepers in the Congo?

A

They have become dependent on external support to maintain stability.

49
Q

What did the ICJ rule in 2005?

A

Uganda must compensate the DRC for plundering natural resources.

50
Q

Who was Thomas Lubanga?

A

Leader of Union of Congolese patriots.

51
Q

What happened to Thomas Lubanga?

A

In 2012 he was convicted of war crimes by the ICC

52
Q

Why did Jamaica have to undergo a SAP?

A

It is classified as an upper-middle income country so did not qualify for HIPC

53
Q

How much more does Jamaica spend on debt repayments than healthcare?

A

Twice as much.

54
Q

How did Jamaica get into to debt after receiving the Loan from the IMF?

A

The loans weren’t used effectively due to government corruption.

55
Q

What economic impacts did the SAP have on Jamaica?

A

The Jamaican economy produced less than before the SAP, Jamaica’s debt grew exponentially, and Jamaican economic sovereignty was greatly undermined.

56
Q

What social impacts did the SAP have on Jamaica?

A

Food prices increased due to devaluation while wages stayed low, and healthcare and education spending was cut.

57
Q

How much has Jamaica repaid compared to how much they borrowed?

A

Repaid 19.8 bn USD, 18.5 bn USD, and still owes7.8 bn USD

58
Q

What is the Montreal Protocol?

A

An agreement between 197 countries to ban the production of Ozone depleting chemicals.

59
Q

What effect did the Montreal protocol have?

A

The hole in the Ozone layer has shrank significantly returning to 1980 levels by 2070.

60
Q

What is CITES?

A

An agreement between 182 countries that requires all imports and exports of species protected by the convention.

61
Q

Why is CITES controversial?

A

Some decisions were influenced by commercial interests, for example Bluefin Atlantic Tuna are not protected by the Convention.

62
Q

What is UNCLOS?

A

UN Convention on the laws of the Sea.

63
Q

What does UNCLOS do?

A

Ratified by 166 countries it defines the boundaries of coastal zones and establishes guidelines for business and the environment.

64
Q

What are the Helsinki rules?

A

A set of guidelines for the use of trans-boundary water resources eventually replaced by the Berlin rules.

65
Q

What are the criticisms of the Helsinki rules?

A

Brazil, Belgium, and China claimed that the rules are an infringement on their sovereignty, there is also no mechanism to enforce the rules of the convention.

66
Q

What is the Antarctica treaty system?

A

An agreement initially between 12 countries setting out guidelines for activities carried out in Antarctica

67
Q

What are the basic terms set out by the Antarctic treaty?

A

Military activities are prohibited, states forfeit territorial sovereignty in the area, and guarantees freedom to conduct scientific research in the area.

68
Q

What is JLR?

A

Jaguar Land Rover automotive company.

69
Q

What country is JLR from?

A

The UK

70
Q

Who purchased JLR in 2008?

A

Tata motors limited an Indian automotive company.

71
Q

What were the Tata company’s motives?

A

To reduce costs and access emerging markets in India and China.

72
Q

How did JLR achieve their goals?

A

By opening a new manufacturing plant in India.

73
Q

What is Catalonia?

A

A region of Spain seeking independence.

74
Q

How much of Spain’s wealth is Catalonia responsible for?

A

20%

75
Q

Why does Catalan want independence?

A

Catalan is a separate language to Spanish, many Catalans do not see themselves as Spanish, and they feel they contribute more than their fair share in taxes.

76
Q

What important events have there been in the Catalonian independence movement?

A

Held an illegal referendum in 2017 90% of voters wanted independence.

77
Q

What happened in Scotland in 2014?

A

Scottish independence referendum.

78
Q

What was the outcome of the Scottish independence referendum?

A

55% voted to remain and 45% voted to leave the UK.

79
Q

Why did some Scots want independence?

A

They felt that Westminster was not protecting their interests. For example, many Scots wanted to remain in the EU.

80
Q

What % of the Cayman islands’ GDP is from financial services?

A

55%

81
Q

How many companies are registered in the Cayman islands?

A

100,000

82
Q

How many of the world’s top investment banks and insurance companies are licensed in the Cayman islands?

A

40

83
Q

What are tax rates like in the Cayman islands?

A

There is no income tax, company or corporation tax.

84
Q

Is Somalia a failed state?

A

It has been classed as a failed state since 1991.

85
Q

What caused Somalia to become a failed state?

A

Rival war lords fighting for control.

86
Q

What is life expectancy in Somalia?

A

55 years (men) 59 years (women)

Geography paper 2 case studies (4 decks)

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