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Geography paper 2 case studies > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What was an effect that the Tohoku tsunami had on the UK?

A

Staff at a Honda factory in Swindon had to work 2 day weeks due to parts shortages.

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2
Q

When was the trans-Atlantic telegraph cable set up?

A

The 1860s

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3
Q

How much does it cost to ship an iPhone from China to the UK

A

£1

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4
Q

What % of the world’s population has access to the internet?

A

66%

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5
Q

What does the world bank do?

A

Lends money with the purpose of funding economic development and reducing poverty.

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6
Q

In 2014 how much did the world bank loan the Philippines and what for?

A

470 million USD for a poverty reduction programme

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7
Q

What does the World bank require borrowers to do to secure a loan?

A

Adopt trade liberalisation policies and adopt a structural adjustment programme

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8
Q

What is the AIIB?

A

The Chinese-led Asian infrastructure investment bank

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9
Q

Why might some developing countries seek loans from the AIIB as opposed to the World Bank?

A

It doesn’t impose the same requirements to secure a loan as the world bank does.

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10
Q

In 2010 how much money did China Loan?

A

110 billion USD

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11
Q

How does the World Bank promote globalisation?

A

It allows developing countries to develop deeper ties with the global economy

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12
Q

Why is the World Bank subject to criticism?

A

It’s policies sometimes put economic development before social development

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13
Q

What is the IMF?

A

The international monetary fund.

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14
Q

What are the main aims of the IMF?

A

To encourage global monetary co-operation, reduce poverty and promote sustainable economic growth

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15
Q

What is the IMF’s main function?

A

To monitor global economic trends and provide short-term loans to countries with balance of payment issues.

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16
Q

What are the successes of the IMF?

A

Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan have all been opened up to trade and many people now live above the poverty line thanks to the IMF.

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17
Q

Why doesn’t the IMF threaten sovereignty?

A

Countries have a choice as to whether or not they accept a loan and its conditions from the IMF

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18
Q

What is a shortcoming of the IMF with respect to voting procedure?

A

The number of votes a country has is linked to financial contribution to the fund.

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19
Q

How much of the IMF’s vote share is owned by the US and the EU

A

18% to the US and 31% to the EU.

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20
Q

What is a shortcoming of the IMF with regards to the economics it promotes?

A

High interest rates on the loans can trap countries in a poverty cycle as large amounts of the GDP are used to repay the loans.

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21
Q

What are SAPs?

A

Structural adjustment programmes, these dictate how the loans are allowed to be spent, undermining sovereignty.

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22
Q

How can SAPs cause problems to employment rates?

A

They can cause a country’s economy to become liberalised too quickly.

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23
Q

What year was the British Airports Authority privatised?

A

1987

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24
Q

What % of Heathrow airport is owned by the Saudis?

A

10

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25
Q

What is the world trade organisation?

A

An IGO that facilitates trade and promote trade liberalisation.

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26
Q

How many members are there of the WTO?

A

160 member states.

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27
Q

What are the main functions of the WTO?

A

To enforce agreements made by member nations and provide a forum for trade negotiations and settlement of trade disputes.

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28
Q

What % of the world’s trade is through the WTO?

A

98%

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29
Q

What are the main principles of the WTO?

A

Tax and Tariff free trade making it accessible to all nations.

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30
Q

What is the EU?

A

An organisation advocating for free movement of workers and services between countries.

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31
Q

How many countries are in the EU?

A

27

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32
Q

What financial support can countries get from the EU?

A

EU structural funds to help develop economies.

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33
Q

What is ASEAN?

A

The association of south east Asian nations a trading block.

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34
Q

How many member states are there in ASEAN?

A

10

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35
Q

What year was ASEAN founded?

A

1967

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36
Q

What does ASEAN work towards?

A

Promotes collaboration, economic social and cultural development, and peace and stability in the region.

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37
Q

How is ASEAN expected to develop?

A

Expected to develop into the ASEAN economic community allowing free movement of labour and capital similar to the EU.

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38
Q

What was China like before 1978

A

China was isolated and switched off from globalisation.

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39
Q

What happened in China in 1978?

A

The open door policy caused agricultural communes to be dismantled and allowed farmers to make a small profit.

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40
Q

Over the 30 years after 1978 how many people migrated from rural areas of China?

A

300 million.

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41
Q

In 1980 what was set up in China?

A

4 SEZs in Shenzhen, Zuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen were set up.

42
Q

How did the SEZs in China attract FDI and businesses?

A

Offered tax incentives.

43
Q

What were the benefits of the Open door policy?

A

400 million people were lifted out of poverty and infrastructure saw development.

44
Q

What were the negatives of the open door policy?

A

economic inequality as 30 million still lived in poverty.

45
Q

How much FDI did China receive in 1994 and what was this as a % of GDP?

A

33.8 bn USD and 6% of GDP

46
Q

How much of China’s exports do SEZs account for?

A

60%

47
Q

What is North Korea in relation to Globalisation?

A

Switched off from it.

48
Q

What political system does North Korea have?

A

Communist dictatorship.

49
Q

How is North Korea switched off from globalisation?

A

Ordinary citizens do not have access to the internet as no underseas data cables.

50
Q

What are the KOF scores for North and South Korea respectively?

A

North Korea is unranked by the KOF index and South Korea has a score of 73.1/100

51
Q

What is the North Korean ideology contributing to its lack of globalisation?

A

Juche self-reliance

52
Q

Why is the Sahel region switched off from globalisation?

A

Die to mis-management of natural resources as well as many countries there lack coastline.

53
Q

Why does the environment in the Sahel make FDI less desirable?

A

Infrastructure costs more due to the extreme conditions and global brands do not yet view the region as a viable market.

54
Q

By 2075 how large is India’s economy expected to be?

A

The second largest economy in the world

55
Q

What is the main way that India has been successful through globalisation?

A

Through the outsourcing of services like customer support.

56
Q

What factors made India suitable for outsourcing?

A

Many Indian citizens are fluent in English due to the colonial history.

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of outsourcing in India?

A

The economic inequality has worsened, India has more billionaires than the UK but also has more people living in absolute poverty than all of Africa.

58
Q

What are the benefits of outsourcing in India?

A

Workers earn good middle class wages by Indian standards and Indian outsourcing companies are very profitable.

59
Q

How has China benefitted from Globalisation?

A

Has been able to take advantage of the outsourcing of manufacturing.

60
Q

Why is China well suited to manufacturing?

A

Has a very large work force.

61
Q

What is the average wage of a Chinese steel worker compared to one in the US?

A

$12,000 vs $51,000

62
Q

What % of the world’s coal is burned in China?

A

Around 50%

63
Q

From 1990-2005 how did China’s poverty rate change?

A

Fell from 60% to 16%

64
Q

What are the costs of outsourcing manufacturing to China?

A

Dangerously high levels of air pollution and in 2021 over 30,000 production safety accidents.

65
Q

How much has the population of Mumbai increased since 1970?

A

The population of Mumbai has doubled.

66
Q

What factors draw people to Mumbai?

A

There is employment in a range of economic sectors.

67
Q

What signs of globalisation are there in Mumbai?

A

Hilton hotels and Starbucks operate in the area.

68
Q

How do wealthy people influence Mumbai?

A

Their spending drives up housing prices in affluent areas.

69
Q

What are the negatives of the rapid growth of Mumbai?

A

There is lots of slum housing there.

70
Q

What is the population of Mumbai?

A

21.7 million people

71
Q

Where in the UK has elite migration taken place and who is migrating?

A

Russian Oligarchs are migrating to Chelsea in London.

72
Q

Why is it easy for oligarchs to get visas?

A

If they have £2 million in an investment fund they are eligible for a tier 1 investment visa.

73
Q

What are the positives of the oligarchs migrating to London?

A

They invest in local businesses, they hire staff in their houses, and they send their children to private schools.

74
Q

What are the negatives of the oligarchs migrating to London?

A

They drive up the prices of housing for natives, money they generate in the UK may be remittances, and they can cause social tension.

75
Q

How much property did Russian oligarchs buy in London in 2016?

A

£1.5 billion worth

76
Q

How many Indian migrant live in the UAE?

A

2 million

77
Q

How much of the UAE’s labour force is foreign?

A

99%

78
Q

How much is sent home annually from the UAE?

A

$15 billion.

79
Q

What industries do most migrants work in the UAE?

A

Transport, construction, and manufacturing.

80
Q

What did traditional diets consist of in Asia?

A

Often low in meat and high in vegetables.

81
Q

What is causing Asian diets to change?

A

The spread of westernisation.

82
Q

Within a decade how did China’s meat consumption per capita increase?

A

Went from 5kg to 50kg

83
Q

How has western culture positively impacted the world?

A

It has improved opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

84
Q

What is an example of better opportunities for disabled people due to westernisation?

A

The paralympics is one of the world’s biggest sporting events and celebrates the achievements of disabled individuals.

85
Q

Give an example where globalisation has caused cultural erosion.

A

The Korowai tribe in Indonesia

86
Q

How has globalisation affected the Korowai’s lifestyle?

A

The traditionally lived in wooden longhouses on stilts but were encouraged to move into villages and now live in brick houses with corrugated steel roofs.

87
Q

How has globalisation affected the Korowai’s customs?

A

They used to cannibalise captures members of other tribes as a punishment but no longer do this.

88
Q

How has globalisation affected the Korowai’s relationships?

A

Christian missionaries came leading to less people practicing polygamy and levirate marriage. Enforcement of Indonesian law has eliminated slavery from inter-clan raids.

89
Q

How has globalisation caused political tension in Europe?

A

A rise in anti-immigration parties such as UKIP, the Front national, and the Freedom party of Austria.

90
Q

How have China and North Korea control the spread of globalisation?

A

The internet is banned in North Korea and is partly censored in China.

91
Q

How have the UK and Australia attempted to control immigration?

A

The UK and Australia have points based immigration system in an attempt to only let in skilled workers.

92
Q

What is operation sovereign borders?

A

An Australian border protection operation aimed at limiting the number of illegal immigrants coming to Australia.

93
Q

What happens to illegal immigrants under operation sovereign borders?

A

They are deported to offshore processing centres to process any asylum claims.

94
Q

How is cultural identity being retained in Canada?

A

The first assembly of the first nations promotes the rights and needs of first nations at a national level.

95
Q

How are first nation cultures and traditions being preserved in Canada?

A

There are about 100 First nation and Inuit education centres funded by the Canadian government.

96
Q

What is Transition Network?

A

An NGO that encourages towns to grow their own food in community garden rather than importing it.

97
Q

What do towns like Exeter, Stroud, and Totnes have in common?

A

They have their own local currencies to encourage local trade.

98
Q

What is keep Britain Tidy?

A

An NGO set up in 1954 that encourages households to recycle and for firms to reduce packaging or use recyclable packaging.

99
Q

How many countries does Samsung operate in?

A

74

100
Q

How many employees does Samsung have?

A

287,000

101
Q

How many stores does Samsung have worldwide?

A

over 3,000

102
Q

In 2020 how many phones did Samsung sell?

A

253 million

Geography paper 2 case studies (4 decks)

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