Migration : Forced and Opportunities

Question 1

Opportunity : Inventions in transport, changing from sail to steam made the
journey to the US cheaper, from 6 weeks to 1.

Answer 1

This encouraged many to migrate as it was now less daunting
and easier to return if life didn’t work out, which many did.

Question 2

Opportunity : Letters arrived from emigrants detailing the positives of their
new life such as higher wages. These were often published in local newspapers.

Answer 2

This encouraged people to migrate because it was less
daunting to know they would be joining ready made Scottish communities just like home.

Question 3

Opportunity : Colonial agents from Canada, New Zealand and Australia
toured Scottish towns targeting workers who had
the skills need to develop the colonies by promising cheap or free land and travel.

Answer 3

This encouraged people to migrate because people saw that their skills were in demand and they could have a better quality of life than if they stayed in Scotland.

Question 4

Opportunity : The Canadian Pacific Railway offered incentives to assist people to migrate and establish settlements along it’s route.

Answer 4

This encouraged people to migrate because it removed the financial difficulty which many faced affording the travel.

Question 5

Opportunity : people who worshipped in Presbyterian Christian faith formed “The Free Church of Scotland “ split from the Church
of Scotland

Answer 5

Migration provided the opportunity to to establish new religious settlements, for example many Otago in Canada to do
this.

Question 6

Force : In the highlands land was subdivided between the
generations. The land had been originally very small.

Answer 6

This made people to migrate because land became too small for a family to survive on. Many chose to leave for the lowlands or colonies.

Question 7

Force : Industrialisation in the central belt created new industries which did the same work as crafters, the power loom meant weaving no longer needed
to be done by hand.

Answer 7

This pushed people to migrate as they found they lost their livelihood, especially as the railways allowed factory products
to reach all over Scotland.

Question 8

Force : Farming became increasingly mechanised. The potato digger made work quicker, the self binding reaper
reduced the number of man days it took to tend an acre of barley.

Answer 8

This resulted in migration because farm workers lost their jobs and their accommodation which came with it and needed to
migrate.

Question 9

Force : Highland landlords
realised that they could make more profit from renting their
land for sheep rather than to poor crofters.

Answer 9

This caused migration as many were physically forced to leave when their homes were burnt. The Duke of Sutherland forced the migration of thousands.

Question 10

Force : Following the Russian revolution and Britain’s intervention
Russia stopped buying herring from Scotland.

Answer 10

This caused migration because Scots relied heavily upon temporary work in fishing to supplement the meagre money from
crofting so this collapse meant many chose to migrate.