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History GCSE > Migration, empires and people > Flashcards

Migration, empires and people Flashcards

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1
Q

Britons before 4000bc

A

-Immigrants

-Hunter gathers move in small groups, make tools, light fires

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2
Q

Britons at 4000bc

A

-Farmers arrive

-Farmers bring seeds for crops.

-Build stone houses in Britain

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3
Q

Britons 500-43bc

A

-Beaker people arrive

-Do pottery and metal making

-Celts are tribes who fight and farm land.

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4
Q

Britons 43-401AD

A

-Romans arrive, conquer British tribes

-Romans rule for 400 years, part of empire

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5
Q

Britons 401 onwards

A

Romans return to Italy to defend from invasion.

-Denmark, German tribes invade for farmland, climate.

-Called Angles, Saxons, Jutes

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6
Q

Where did Anglo-Saxons settle?

A

-Villages next to farms.

-Set up kingdoms, led by lords

-ANGLO-SAXON CHIEF-BRETWALDA

-Converted to Christianity, traded goods

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7
Q

Who were the Vikings?

A

People of Scandinavian (Norwegian, Danish and Swedish) descent, who explored, raided and invaded countries as far as the Americas.

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8
Q

When did Vikings raids begin in Britain?

A

Around 790AD

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9
Q

When were the first recorded Viking attacks on Britain and what happened?

A

-In AD 793, monastery at Lindisfarne, Northumbria.

-In AD 795, Isle of Iona, Scotland. Attacked during summer (calmer seas).

-They stole gold, silver, cattle and people.

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10
Q

Why did the Vikings invade Britain?

A

-They knew of the Brits wealth through trading with Anglo Saxons.

-Both groups farmed, improving lives.

-Scandinavia had become over- crowded so people were looking for a new life abroad.

-Britain offered better conditions to grow crops and rear animals compared to the hilly Norway and Sandy soil in Denmark.

-Primogeniture occurred.

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11
Q

When did Viking choose to settle in Britain?

A

Around AD 850.

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12
Q

When was the city of York captured?

A

November AD 866.

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13
Q

When had the Vikings captured Anglo Saxon kingdoms: East Anglia, Northumbria and Mercia?

A

By AD 870

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14
Q

Who was the King of Wessex?

A

Alfred. (THE GREAT)

Reign started from 871 after his father died.

Son of Aethelred of Wessex.

22 yrs old.

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15
Q

Where, when and why were King Alfred’s army driven back?

A

In AD 876.

Vikings began a series of ferocious attacks against Wessex.

Army was forced to hide on Isle of Athelney in the Somerset marshes.

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16
Q

When was the Battle of Edington and what happened?

A

May AD 878.

Alfred beat Vikings in Wiltshire.

2 sides sat down and agreed to peace terms.

Viking leader Guthrum became Christian + promised not to attack Wessex again.

Alfred let Vikings stay in area called the Danelaw.

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17
Q

What was the Danelaw?

A

Area in the north and east of England where Vikings lived.

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18
Q

Significance of Danelaw now?

A

-District laws, Place names, customs

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19
Q

What Viking influences remain today?

A

Days of the week e.g. (Thor’s)day.

Village names ending with -by e.g. Grims(by).

Words like egg and ill

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20
Q

What changed between vikings and British?

A

-Intermarriages occurred
-People settled down on farms.

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21
Q

What happened after the death of Alfred?

A

His descendants recaptured parts of the Danelaw.

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22
Q

When did Edgar the Peaceful become king

A

AD 959.

He was the great grandson of Alfred the Great.

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23
Q

Who became king after Edgar the Peaceful died?

A

Edward, son of Edgar and Unknown woman.

AD 975.

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24
Q

Who became king after Edward was murdered?

A

Aethelred, son of Edgar and Aelthfryth.

AD 978.

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25
Q

What happened when Edgar the Peaceful died?

A

-Edward became king but murdered by supporters of Aethelred

-Aethelrred became king In 978

-Aethelred was corrupt

-Stepmom may have killed Edward for Aethelred to be king.

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26
Q

When and why did Vikings return to Britain?

A

-991, Sven Forkbeard and Olad Tryggvason got to Folkestone

-Had 90 ships

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27
Q

When and what was the Battle of Maldon?

A

battle in August 991, Norwegians lost.
-Aethelred payed Vikings to leave

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28
Q

What was the Danegeld?

A

-Currency for Vikings to leave Britain, payed by Aethelred

-Some mercenaries remained to protect British.

-people given Danegeld in 997

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29
Q

When did Vikings invade again?

A

991-Sven Forkbeard invaded with Olaf Tryggvason.
-had 90 ships

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30
Q

What was Battle of Maldon? (991)

A

-Battle between Vikings and British, British won.

-Aethelred payed them Danegeld to leave.

Some mercenaries stayed to protect England.

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31
Q

Why Aethelred looked for alternative to pay?

A

-Silver was £900,000.

-People annoyed at high taxes so Aethelred looked for another way.

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32
Q

What was Aethelreds alternative?

A

Made deal with Duke of Normandy.

-Aethelred married Emma of Normandy to seal agreement that Vikings can’t settle in France

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33
Q

What happened in 1002?

A

-Aethelred carried out mass killing (ST BRICE’S DAY MASSACRE)

-murdered women, children and men to undermine Vikings.

-Angered Sven Forkbeard as SISTER GUNHILDA WAS KILLED.

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34
Q

What else was Aethelred called?

A

Aethelred the unready, unprepared to fight Vikings.

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35
Q

Why did Forkbeard attack again?

A

-Large army

-Wanted revenge

-Wanted more wealth for Norway from England

-Conquered to kill Thorkell The Tall who betrayed him.

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36
Q

What happened at Battle of Svold

A

-1000

-Sven killed Olaf.

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37
Q

What happened when Forkbeard died?

A

-Son CNUT became king.

-People wanted Aethelred back

-Aethlered returned in 1014, CNUT FLED TO DENMARK

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38
Q

When did Aethelred die?

A

April 1016

Son (Edmund Ironside became king)

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39
Q

When and what was Battle of Assandun?

A

Battle between CNUT AND EDMUND

Both agreed each get some land Edmund died a month later

October 1016

In Essex

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40
Q

How Britain changed under Cnut?

A

Rich area

Good trade links with Scandinavia

Could support Danes if trade links good

Danish nobles given British land.

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41
Q

What was the North sea empire?

A

Cnut won many battles and won people over

He adopted laws from Edgar The Peaceful

Was religious

Inherited kingdoms everywhere

This was his North sea empire

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42
Q

How did Cnut bring improve relationship with stability in England?

A

Married Emma of Normandy, widow of Aethelred, improving relationship with Normandy.

Had 2 sons, first was Harold who was hated

Harthacnut born and hated

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43
Q

When did Harthacnut die?

A

1042 and throne given to Prince Edward

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44
Q

When did Edward come back?

A

Edward came back when Forkbeard attacks were finished.

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45
Q

Did people like Edward the Confessor?

A

Accepted by ordinary people

Preferred Norman friends

Very religious

Earnt his title

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46
Q

When did Cnut die

A

1035 buried in Winchester

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47
Q

WILLIAM CONQUEROR N/A

A

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR N/A

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48
Q

When and what happened when William the Conqueror died?

A

1087

Land divided between Robert and William II

William II became king

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49
Q

When and what happened when William II died?

A

1100

Henry I (youngest son) became king

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50
Q

What was Henry II reign like?

A

Ruled for 20 years

Daughter Matilda married GEOFFREY OF ANJOU.

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51
Q

What happened when Henry died?

A

Stephen seized the throne

Stephenj was Henry nepheew.

Matilda wanted throne so there was battle for 19 years.

52
Q

What did Stephen and Matilda agree on?

A

Son of Matilda, Henry II, would become king when Stephen died.

53
Q

When did Stephen die?

A

October 1154

54
Q

What land did Henry II have access to and what was his empire called?

A

ANGEVIN EMPIRE

King of England

Inherited land in France due to GEOFFREY OF ANJOU.

1152, Married Eleanor of Aquitaine to expand territories and it was the largest region in his domain.

Brought areas of France

Count of Maine

Got son to marry French duchess so he gained BRITTANY

Had some land in Ireland and Scotland.

55
Q

What was hard about getting to Ireland?

A

Irish sea tough to cross

Not very rich country

Governed by nobles

56
Q

What happened in 1166?

A

King Dermot of Leinster needed Henry II help

He was fighting a Irish king

English knights, barons led by EARL OF PEMBROKE CALLED STRONGBOW crossed Ireland to help Dermot

Some barons took land for themselves

57
Q

What was Henry status in Ireland?

A

Called an OVERLORD by settlers and Irish leaders

Strengthened fortifications and built new castles.

Trade links

58
Q

What was King Louis VIII reaction to Henry having more land than him in France?

A

Conflict between both of them

Demanded he crosses to Normandy by flying by horse or ship

59
Q

How many times did Henry II travel across the English channel?

A

30 times in 35 year reign

60
Q

When and what happened when Henry II died?

A

1189

Richard I (son) became king

ANGEVIN EMPIRE hard to govern

61
Q

Who did Richard lose land to and when did he die

A

King Phillip II, land in Normandy

Died in 1199

62
Q

Who became king after Richard and how did he deal with opponents?

A

People wanted Arthur (nephew) to be king and helped by King Phillip II

John fought battles to protect kingship.

63
Q

When did Arthur die?

A

1203, John stabbed him, body in River Seine.

64
Q

When did King John start losing land and what name was he given

A

JOHN SOFTSWORD

1204 in Brittany

Normandy later

Anjou later

Maine later

ONLY HAD GASCONY LEFT

65
Q

What did English barons do when taking action against King John?

A

MARCHED INTO LONDON

GAVE AN ULTIMATIUM

FIGHT ARMY MARCHING INTO LONDON

OR CHANGE WAY HE RAN THE COUNTRY.

66
Q

What did King John do in response to the barons?

A

Set out in document called MAGNA CARTA (GREAT CHARTER)

Stopped unfair taxes

Trials would be held quickly and fairly

67
Q

KEY DATES ABOUT THE ANGEVIN EMPIRE ALONG WITH KING JOHN

A

1150-Inherit Normandy from mother, Matilda
1151-Succeeds father, Geoffrey
1152-Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
1154-Becomes king of England
1166-68-Invades Brittany
1171-71-Invades Ireland
1189-Hnery II dies, Richard becomes king
1193-94-John deals with King Phillip II
1199-Richard killed.
1202-05-Phillip II takes Normandy
1204-14-John regains control of Normandy, defeated at Bouvines
1216-King John dies ending Angevin Empire.

68
Q

How much land did Edward III have by 1300s?

A

King of England in 1327

Controlled Gascony, small part of Northern France.

69
Q

When did King Edward III gain throne of France?

A

1337

70
Q

Why did war break out between France and Britain?

A

Wine was taken from England when it was taxed, France threatened to take it

England sold wool, turnt it into cloth, France took this to annoy Britain and make them poorer

Had better claim to throne than Phillip VI, he had French ancestor

Edward had conflict with Scots, French promised to help Scots, annoying Edward

71
Q

What was the Hundred years war?

A

Battle for French throne from 1337-1453

72
Q

What is Phase 1 of Hundred years war?

A

1337-1360

Edward won battle at Cecy-1346

Edward won battle at Poitiers-1356

Captured Calais and held French king to ransom

Gave up demands to throne and controlled GASCONY, CALAIS

73
Q

What and when is Phase 2 of the Hundred Years war?

A

1370, French win some land back

74
Q

When and what was phase 3 of the hundred years war?

A

1413, Henry V became king

75
Q

When did Hnery V die

A

1422

French took back land and were helped by 17b year old Joan of Arc

76
Q

Who is Joan of Arc

A

Joan of Arc is a patron saint of France, honoured as a defender

77
Q

When did Britain lose almost all of the land

A

1453 except Calais on French border

78
Q

Key fact about who English kings married during these times?

A

1199-1461, married French princess or noblewomen.

79
Q

When and what was the battle of Agincourt?

A

25 October 1415 near Agincourt in France

80
Q

What happened at the Battle of Agincourt?

A

1415-Captured Harfleur

Henry lost half his men to disease and battle injuries

Marched upwards to Calais and found English ships

French didn’t let him get away and had an army of 30,000

English army only had 11,000 archers, knights and foot soldiers

Between 2 woods, field was ploughed due to rainfall and fighting began at 11.

81
Q

Who won the Battle and how man soldiers did each side lose?

A

Henry V

French lost 7000-10,000

English lost few hundred

82
Q

What and when was the Treaty Of Troyes?

A

Married old French king daughter to unite England and France

83
Q

What happened in 1422 and years onwards?

A

Henry V died in 1422.

Joan of Arc inspired French stating saints called on her to FREE FRANCE FROM ENGLAND

French slowly drove English out

English captured Joan of Arc and accused her of witchcraft and burnt her to death

French occupied most of land captured by British before

84
Q

What were the impacts of the Hundred years war on both France and England?

A

High cost of war, food, armour, houses

High taxes

Did not have money and facilities (AS THEY LOST LAND) to steal goods

Lost cavalry, knights on horsebacks

All of traditional fighting stopped, so increased use of gunpowder, handguns, cannons and castles.

85
Q

What did Battle lead to in France politically?

A

Nationalist feelings and love for French and love of king,

Led high cost of paying for war meaning the tax the whole country, so had a full time army to handle Europe.

86
Q

What was relationship between Tudors and Stuarts like?

A

All of UK got along well

Stuarts= Scottish family

All were encouraged into trade now (pirates, explorers)

87
Q

What did Christopher Columbes do?

A

1492, founded Americas and west Inides

CHRISTPHER WORKED WITH SPANISH.

88
Q

What was spains role with participating in exploring?

A

Colonised Americas first

Discovered gold in South America

1496-Henry VIII joined explorer with JOHN CABOT-EXPLORER

89
Q

What was John Cabot journey when exploring?

A

Left from Bristol

Landed at North America (Canada)

Cabot found nothing valuable there e.g. silk so returned to England.

90
Q

What lanjd di Engfland find and who were 2 main new explorers?

A

Newfoundland “new base for England”

Sir John Hawkins 1532-95)

Sir Walter Raleigh

91
Q

Why was there conflict between England and Spain?

A

England was Protestant

Spain was catholic

So gave each side a desire to win more land, build a power base to advantage

92
Q

How did England take loot from the Spanish?

A

10-15% SPANISH TREASURE SHIPS CAPTURED BY OTHER COUNTRIES.

Britain COULD NOT FIND GOODS ANYWHERE FOR EIUCHES SO TOOK OTHER COUNTRIES SHIPS OR TERRITOTY.
some British WERE INVOLVED IN PIRACY

93
Q

What is a privateer?

A

Could attack foreign ships and steal with permission granted from monarch to share with them

If they did not have permission and didn’t share-THEY ARE A PIRATE

94
Q

What is important about John Hawkins?

A

trading in west africa-1530

Explored Spanish canary islands

Built Elizabethan Royal navy

Cousin of SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, involved in SAN JUAN DE ULUA IN 1568

CALLED “FATHER OF SLAVE TRADE”

95
Q

What were religious and Economic factors of exploring Americas?

A

Some Puritans, some Catholics needed place for religious freedom

Plenty of land to grow tobacco, sugar, potatoes, grown on plantations grown in large quantities.

96
Q

What was British involvement in Global trading and plantations replacing piracy?

A

Could export cotton from New world to Britain.

Could sell Wheat, Rice, coffee.

Help supply fabric factories in Britain with trade

Monarchs stopped giving privateers as people became pirates.

Royal navy put anti-piracy measures

1720s- piracy very rare so people made profit.

97
Q

How did Britain turn to slavery?

A

Plantations hard to work on-Weather was hot, crops failed

Not enough foofds on farms

British used INDENTURED SERVANTS FOR LABOUR

By 1619, African slaves in Britian.

98
Q

What was a indentured slave?

A

SERVANTS WHO PAID FOR VOYAGE TO America BY BEING UNDER CONTRACT BY OWNER FOR CERTAIN NUMBER OF YEARS.

99
Q

What rights did slaves have?

A

No legal rights

Slave children became on slave owner property as well

Purchasing slaves allowed plantations to be more profitable so unemployment dropped rapidly.

100
Q

Why was Barbados captured by Spanish and what was important about it to Britain?

A

1625

It was a profiting market to Britain

101
Q

When did Britain get involved with salve trade?

A

1619

102
Q

How many slaves went to Americas and when was this?

A

11,000 British ships took slaves from 1690-1787

103
Q

How many slaves taken around Africa and Caribbean?

A

6 MILLION.

104
Q

What was life as a slave like?

A

Endured short and brutal lives of hard-work and misery

Poor diet

Tough punishments

No medical attention

105
Q

What was the slave triangle?

A

Britain to Americas to west Indies.

106
Q

How were slaves traded?

A

Traded guns, cloths, alcohol

Traders trade these with tribesmen for prisoners and went across Atlantic

Enslaved people traded to plantation owners worth sugar, cotton, tobacco

107
Q

How much could traders earn from slave trade

A

up to 800% of profit on investment

Were given strong slaves (crew) to control the ship

108
Q

What role did King Charles play in the salbe trade?

A

Part of Royal African company

109
Q

Facts about Royal African Company?

A

60,000 salves in Africa from 1680-1688

110
Q

What was Britons role in slave trade?

A

Shipbuilders, ship owners, bankers, investors, importers, dockworkers

Shop owners sold sugar and tobacco from plantations

111
Q

How much money did Britons make from slave trade?

A

60 million between 1761-1808

112
Q

What places in Britain benefited from slave trade?

A

Liverpool town hall, National Portrait Gallery in London

113
Q

When was slavery abolished and when was slave ownership illegal?

A

1807-Slavery abolished

1833-Slavery ownership illegal

114
Q

How many puritans moved to the Americas between 1630 and 1641

A

80,000

115
Q

Why did people move to North America

A

Religion

People are crops like tobacco, cotton.

Good for voyages

116
Q

When did King James establish a colony called Jamestown in Virginia?

A

1606

117
Q

What hardships did they find in Jamestown?

A

Tried on local tribes to help them find and grow food.

Some massacred settlers.

Hunger and death for many.

Settlers started to farm land and did not search for gold.

Tobacco planting as it was easy to grow.

New Plymouth set up and developed 12 colonies.

118
Q

What was the impact of British colonies on native Americans?

A

Native Americans saw British as invaders so there was lots of diseases passed on easily.

Intermarriages between new Plymouth and Jamestown people.

119
Q

What happened in 1500?
What happened by 1700?

A

1500-560,000 native Americans in British territory

By 1700- less than 280,000 left due to measles.

NATIVE AMERICANS ANOUNT TO 0.7% OF LAND IN TOTAL POPULATION OF USA.

120
Q

WHAT HAPPENED IN VIRGINIA?

A

1606-King James I gave permission for businessmen to sail to virginia.
THEY ESTABLISHED JAMESTOWN

EXPERIENCED CONFLICT WITH TRIBES AND LOCAL SETTLERS AS NEW SETTLERS WERE ARISTOCRATS WHO WERE NOT USED TO FARMING.

Hunger and death was common

Tobacco planting and searching for gold was common

121
Q

How many colonies were there in the new world at the end

A

13 including New Plymouth.

122
Q

What are facts about Britain settling in Massachusetts?

A

Came by the MAYFLOWER boat in 1620

Mainly puritans

Came for fishing and trading with other colonies.

People came from Jamestown as well as it became DESERTED.

123
Q

Who are the Pilgrim Fathers?

A

Settlers from Britain coming to Massachusetts.

More than 20,000 settlers arrived in Massachusetts from 1629-40 with uprising of new religious groups.

124
Q

Why did people move to New Plymouth colony?

A

Offshore fishing

Source of farming

Cod in high demand

125
Q

Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?

A

Captain for queen elizabeth and king james 1.
1584-Set up Virginia and ROANOKE.
Father of American Colonies.

126
Q

Impact of British colonies on indigenous Americans?

A
127
Q

Who is sir Walter Raleigh?

A

History GCSE (3 decks)

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