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Conflict and Tension Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the date that the ToV was signed?

A

28th June 1919

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2
Q

What was the armistice called that ended WW1? What were the terms?

A

Armistice of Compiègne
(RoAR): pay Reparation’s.
give back Alsace-Lorraine to France.
move German army out of the
Rhineland

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3
Q

What was the aim of Georges Clemenceau (France)?

A

Germany to pay reparations to rebuild French areas affected
by war.
Aimed to weaken Germany so they couldn’t attack France
again.
Wanted German border back past Rhineland so people
would be safer

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4
Q

What was the aim of David Lloyd George (Britain)?

A

Cautious approach: British public wanted Germany to be
punished but George believed it would lead to a spiral of
wanting revenge.
Wanted to keep Germany strong so it could trade with
Britain.
Aimed to gain German colonies to add to British Empire.
Wanted Naval supremacy by reducing Germany’s navy.

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5
Q

What was the aim of Woodrow Wilson (USA)?

A

Wanted a fair peace, so Germany would not seek revenge.
Proposed the Fourteen Points, which included the foundation of the LoN & self-determination; but USA wanted no part in European affairs.

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6
Q

Did Georges Clemenceau (France)achieve his aim from ToV?

A

Positives:
France gained Alsace- Lorraine.
Germany had no army present in the Rhineland.
Negatives:
Thought reparations should have been more.
Germany were allowed an army even though it was small
Rhineland was not completely taken from Germany (only demilitarised).

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7
Q

Did David Lloyd George (Britain) achieve his aim from ToV?

A

Positives:
Britain had Naval supremacy over Germany.
British Empire gained more colonies.
Negatives:
Harsh reparations meant that Britain would lose Germany as a trade partner.
Threat if a possible future war as Germans were fuming.

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8
Q

Did Woodrow Wilson (USA) achieve his aims from ToV?

A

Positives:
Creation of the LoN.
Negatives:
14 points were ignored in the treaty terms.
Harshness of the Treaty.

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9
Q

Why couldn’t the ‘Big Three’ get everything they wanted?

A

Europe was crumbling, so Big 3 were under pressure to reach agreement quickly.
-Wilson wanted USA to join LoN but Senate followed policy of isolationism.
-Wilson and George disagreed over original armistice in November 1918.
-The generally had various contrasting aims, hence had to compromise.

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10
Q

What were the terms of the ToV?

A

[The Tov was a Diktat (dictated peace)]
Article 231: war guilt clause.
Article 232: reparations- set at £6.6 billion in 1921.
Only 6 Battleships and only 15,000 men in navy & 100,000 men in army.
Anschluss & Conscription forbidden.
Saar given to League for 15 years and Rhineland demilitarised.
Germany’s colonies given to the LoN as Mandates.
Danzig taken from Germany.

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11
Q

What was the British reaction to the ToV?

A

Propaganda during war taught Brits to hate Germans due to the many killed soldiers.
Thought that the treaty was fair or should have been harsher.
Lloyd George was hailed as a hero, and British Newspapers were saying that Britain would never be threatened by Germany again.

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12
Q

What was French reaction to the ToV?

A

People in France were furious- they believed that the treaty was not harsh enough (wanted Germany to suffer as much as they did during the war).
Felt that Clemenceau didn’t do enough to get revenge on Germany and so was elected out in 1920 as a result.
Were Happy to gain control of the Saar and its coalfield for 15 years.

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13
Q

What was the American reaction to the ToV?

A

USA only joined war in 1917 and no fighting took place on US soil and so didn’t want the revenge or compensation like the British or the French.
Felt that the treaty was too harsh.
Wanted to follow policy of isolationism.
US senate refused to allow the USA to join the LoN.

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14
Q

Why did Germans hate the ToV so much?

A

They had to accept the war guilt clause- Article 231.
It was a diktat and were not allowed to negotiate terms
(thought it would be based off Wilson’s 14 Points).
Germany lost 13% of land and so 6 million people were
found no longer living in Germany.
They felt very vulnerable for being attacked especially by
France, due to small army.
They thought they were winning war but November Criminals signed the Armistice.
People were starving due to blockade so Germans were already starving and desperate, so were not able to cope with the further punishment.
Kaiser had abdicated and since he was “responsible” for the war and was gone there was no need for punishment.

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15
Q

What happened in the Treaty of St Germain?

A

Country: Austria
Date: 10th September 1919
-Land taken to create the new countries Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
-Reparations agreed in principal but never fixed amount.
-30,000 in army; no conscription, no navy.
-Anschluss Forbidden.

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16
Q

What happened in the Treaty of Neuilly?

A

Country: Bulgaria
Date: 27th November 1919
-Land lost to Yugoslavia and Greece.
-£100 million.
-20,000 in army; no conscription; no air force; four battleships.

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17
Q

What happened in the Treaty of Trianon?

A

Country: Hungary
Date: 4th June 1920
-Land lost to Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Austria.
-Reparations agreed in principal but never fixed amount.
-30,000 in army; no conscription; only 3 patrol boats.

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18
Q

What happened in the Treaty of Sevres?

A

Country: Turkey
Date: 10th August 1920
-Split up Ottoman Empire so lost almost all European land.
-50,000 in army; seven sailboats; 6 torpedo boats.
-Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits were opened to other countries.
Impact: Austrian and Hungarian economy collapsed in 1921; People of Turkey revolted and Britain replace it with Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923 (showed that Britain was willing to undermine the treaties).

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19
Q

What happened when France invaded the Ruhr?

A

The French invaded the Ruhr to take goods from factories when Germany failed to make reparations payments.
German Government payed workers to strike so there would be no goods for the taking- to cope with this, they stupidly printed more banknotes leading to hyperinflation.

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20
Q

What were the aims of the LoN? (LoN’s Formation)

A

The formation of the League was one of Wilson’s 14 points.
S -stop wars (collective security)
I -improve lives
D -disarmaments
E -enforce ToV

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21
Q

Who initially joined the LoN?

A

42 Countries.
Countries who lost war were not allowed to join.
Russia were not allowed due to rise of communism and revolution.
USA since the Senate refused.

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22
Q

What members of the League were part of the permanent council?

A

Britain, France, Italy, Japan

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23
Q

How did the League deal with Aggression?

A

They used the “League’s Covenant”:
(The 4 m’s)
Mitigation
Moral Condemnation
Military Force (although they didn’t have an army)
Money (Economic Sanctions)

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24
Q

What is the structure of the LoN? (Assemble & Council)

A

The Assembly- An international parliament in which each member of league selected one person to represent them. They would vote on issues and it had to be unanimous.

The Council- Could veto rulings made by assembly. Included 4 permanent members and 4 others that were elected 6 year terms (later increased to 7).

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25
Q

What was the successfulness of the International Labour Organisation (LoN’s Agencies)?

A

Aim: To improve working conditions.
Positives: In the 1920s, death rate of Tanganyika railway reduced over 50% to 4%.
Negatives: In 1919, most members refused to stop children under 14 from working since it would cost them too much.

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26
Q

What was the successfulness of the Economic and Financial Commitee (LoN’s Agencies)?

A

Aim: To improve the living conditions.
Positives: Sent financial advisers to Austria and Hungary to rebuild their economies when the went bankrupt in 1921.
Negatives: Unable to cope with global depression after 1929.

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27
Q

What was the successfulness of the Health Organisation (LoN’s Agencies)?

A

Aim: To cure/prevent diseases
Positives: Started an International Campaign to kill mosquitos that were spreading Malaria and Yellow Fever. Sent doctors to help in Turkish refugee camps. Still exists under the new alias The World Health Organisation.

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28
Q

What was the successfulness of the Permanent Central Opium Board (LoN’s Agencies)?

A

Aim: To tackle the trade of illegal drugs.
Positives: Blacklisted four large companies involved in trading drugs illegally.
Negatives: Some countries in the League didn’t want to stop the trade of opium as they made a lot of money from it.

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29
Q

What was the League’s contribution to the incident in Corfu?

A

A
1923
An Italian General (Enrico Tellini) and his team were murdered while surveying Greece. The Fascist Dictator Mussolini demanded compensation and for the murderers to be executed (Greece didn’t know who it was so they couldn’t execute anyone). Due to this, Mussolini invaded Corfu. Greece complained to the LoN, but the LoN was undermined by the Mussolini complaining to the Conference of Ambassadors. Greece were forced to apologise and pay compensation.
Result: Mussolini had shown that he league would not enforce justice when a stronger and weaker country was involved- League would be manipulated by presence of a strong country.

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30
Q

Successfulness of Aland islands?

A

1921
Sweden and Finland both claimed the Aaland Islands. The LoN assed the situation and gave it to Finland but forbid them from building and mobilising troops on it. Both countries accepted this decision and LoN avoided war.

31
Q

What was the League’s contribution to the incident in Upper Silesia?

A

1921-1925
A plebiscite was held in Upper Silesia- on the German Poland border. Germany won 60% of the vote but Poland claimed that it was fixed. Therefore the LoN split the area according to how the area voted. Germany complained that Poland had all the industrial areas, and Poland complained that they had half the population but only a third of the land. Fortunately both countries grudgingly accepted the LoN’s decision.31
Q
What was the League’s contribution to the incident in Upper Silesia?

32
Q

What was the League’s contribution to the incident in Vilna?

A

1920-1921
Vilna was the capital of Lithuania that had just been given self-determination- hence there were a lot of Polish people living there. Polish army invaded Vilna and Lithuania asked the League for help, but the LoN did nothing as they saw Poland as an ally against Germany.
So the first time the League were asked to settle a dispute, they failed.

33
Q

What was the League’s contribution to the incident in Bulgaria?

A

1925
Greece invaded Bulgaria and Greek soldiers were killed at the border. LoN forced Greece to withdraw and pay compensation. Greece were unwilling to risk poor relations with powerful members, such as Britain and France.
This seemed hypocritical since the League allowed Mussolini to do the say thing in Corfu- made it seem like League would turn a blind eye to a country in power.

34
Q

What happened with the International Agreement of the Locarno Treaties?

A

In 1925, between Germany and France (signed by foreign ministers Aristide Briand& Gustav Stresemann)- signed in Locarno, Switzerland.
The two enemies agreed to work together peacefully (Germany accepted as terms of ToV). Countries such as Britain and Italy also signed to not go to war with each other but support a country if they were invaded.
Not signed involving LoN since Germany was not yet part of the LoN.

35
Q

Why was the Locarno Treaties significant?

A

It seemed as if Germany were accepting terms of the ToV and were becoming a peaceful nation. Therefore relationships between Germany and France improved, pathing the way for Germany to be allowed to join the LoN in 1926.

36
Q

What happened with the International Agreement of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

In 1928, 65 countries met in Paris, France, including Germany, France, USA.
The countries agreed war would not be a way to solve disputes between them.
Not involving League since USA was not part of LoN.

37
Q

Why was the Kellogg- Briand Pact significant?

A

Why was the Kellogg- Briand Pact significant?

38
Q

What happened in the Treaty of Sevres?

A

Country: Turkey
Date: 10th August 1920
-Split up Ottoman Empire so lost almost all European land.
-50,000 in army; seven sailboats; 6 torpedo boats.
-Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits were opened to other countries.

39
Q

What happened in the Washington Arms Conference?

A

1921-1922
Involved major countries such as USA, Japan, Britain and France agreeing on the maximum sizes of their armies.
League was not the one pushing for disarmament and countries part of the LoN attended independently of the LoN.

40
Q

What happened in the Rapallo Treaty?

A

Germany and Russia agreed to work together.
Both not part of the League and so the LoN was not involved.

41
Q

What was the cause of the Manchurian Crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

-In 1929, the Wall Street Crash started the Great Depression- Japan suffered greatly due to its main export was silk (a luxury item and most people couldn’t afford during the Depression).
-Japan became militaristic- government was looking for land to invade for natural resources. [Manchuria was geographically close to Japan and was rich in natural resources].
-Japan already had an industry and a railway in Manchuria and it was an ideal place to invade.
China was also split into different egotistical warlords.

42
Q

What were the events of the Manchurian Crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

-18 September 1931: Mukden Incident- An explosion occurred on Japanese owned South Manchurian Railway. Japan blamed China for it who denied the accusations.
-February 1932: Japanese government wanted friendship with Manchurian but army ignored and invaded (Japanese population did not mind). Puppet Leader (under the name of Pu Yi) was put in charge of Manchuria.
-March 1932: China appealed to LoN who were reluctant to act since Japan was one of there leading members and Manchuria was very far from Europe. All the League issued was a moral condemnation.

43
Q

What were the events of the Manchurian Crisis (Part 2)? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

Japan ignored the LoN and there was little that the LoN could do without its own party, and its members didn’t want to send their armies that far away. Economic sanctions would be useless since Japan’s main trading partner was the USA and they were not part of the LoN.
April 1932: LoN sent British politician Lord Lytton to investigate which took until October 1932. He concluded that Japan was wrong, but Japan left the LoN in March 1933 and went to occupy more of China from 1933-1937.

44
Q

What were the consequences of the Manchurian Crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

-One of the LoN’s most important members ignored its moral condemnation and instructions to withdraw.
-Without an army the the LoN’s was rendered powerless. (However people continued to support the LoN since the felt that if a similar events happened in Europe then the League would deal with it).
Other militaristic countries like Italy and Germany saw how powerless the LoN really was.

45
Q

Why did the LoN fail in the Manchurian Crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

-Lytton report took far too long and by the time it was finished, Japan was already in control of Manchuria.
-The great Depression was already damaging world trade and League members were unwilling to impose economic sanctions, knowing that it would hurt their own countries economy.
-Asia was far away from Europe and therefore was not seen as vital; hence they didn’t want to commit scarce resources for issues there.
-Countries were unwilling to take action cause it would be expensive and unpopular with the public.

46
Q

What were the causes of the Abyssinian Crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

Mussolini wanted Abyssinia since::
-he wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire, by invading other countries.
-there were lots of natural resources in Abyssinia, which would be useful for Italy as result of the Depression.
-in 1896, Italy had tried to invade Abyssinia and got humiliated by a substantially less developed country and so Mussolini wanted revenge.
-he was adamant that the LoN would not stop him since they didn’t in the Corfu crisis of 1923.
-in 1935, Britain and France signed an agreement with Italy called the Stresa Front, and so Mussolini did not think they would endanger the agreement by stopping him in Manchuria.

47
Q

What were the events of the Abyssinian Crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

December 1934: Italian troops clashed with Abyssinians at Wal Wal- Mussolini had the intent of war.
January1935: Pierre Laval (French Foreign Minister) made a secret agreement with Italy (Mussolini could deal with Abyssinia however he wanted and France would not interfere).
30th June 1935: The Abyssinian Emperor, Haile Selassie brought to up to the League but League did nothing.

48
Q

What were the events of the Abyssinian Crisis (Part2)? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

October 1935: Italian troops enter Abyssinia. League condemned the invasion but Mussolini ignored it as well as using chemical weapons.
5th May 1936: Italian troops entered the Capital, Addis Ababa.
May 1936: Italy leaves the LoN.

49
Q

Why did the LoN fail in the Abyssinian Crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

-Britain and France did not chose to close the Suez Canal since they did not want upset Mussolini, since he could be an ally against Hitler; if they had closed the Suez Canal Italy would have to go round the cape of Africa and it would have taken them a few extra days by boat.
-The League imposed trade sanctions on Italy but didn’t ban steel, oil and coal since it was important to economies and Italy could trade with countries that were not part of the LoN, such as USA.
-The LoN also banned the sales of arms to Abyssinian which left them defenceless.
-The Hoare-Laval Pact December 1935: a secret agreement suggested by the British and French Ministers that they would give Abyssinian land to Mussolini. It was leaked and lead to public outcry; leading members proven that they willing undermine the League for their self-interest.

50
Q

What were the Consequences for the League as a result of the Abyssinian crisis? (Collapse of the LoN)

A

Britain and France showed that they cared more about their own interests.
-Small countries knew that the LoN would do nothing to protect them; from here, none regarded the LoN as serious or powerful organisation.

51
Q

What were Hitler’s aims?

A

(LOUDER)
L -lebensraum
O- overturn ToV
U- unite German speaking people; Volksdeutsch as well a
Anschluss
DE- destroy communism
R- rearmaments

52
Q

What was the general reaction of the British and French to Hitler’s aims?

A

Britain and France did not want to start war so the let Germany get away with things since:
- they needed enough time to rearm(armies not prepared for a fight).
- British thought Hitler was reasonable due to harshness of ToV.
- they were concerned about communism and so Hitler would be valuable ally against it.
- countries could not financially go to war due to horrors of WW1
- followed policy of appeasement till 1937; gave Hitler what he wanted in hopes of avoiding war.

53
Q

What was the general reaction of the USSR to Hitler’s aims?

A

Joseph Stalin was worried about Hitler’s determination and by 1935 put away concerns about Britain and France in order to sign a treaty with Germany to protect USSR.

54
Q

Why did Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland

A

Treaty Of Versailles had forced Germany to demilitarise Rhineland on border between Germany and France.
-Hitler wanted Lebensraum in east Europe.
- Had to invade other countries for Lebensraum to be successful so he remilitarised.

55
Q

What was the risk of re-militarising the Rhineland?

A

Army not strong enough to be fighting Britain and France.
-1935 - Franco-soviet pact was signed- a deal between France and USSR. Hitler claimed he was under attack for, France so he got USSR ion his side.
7 March 1936 -Hitler troops entered Rhineland without any air support.

56
Q

Why no-one stopped Hitler?

A

Britain:
1. Depression caused problems at home so Britain cant dos anything.
2. British people said there was no need to stop Hitler and Hitler had a right to defend his borders, this would reduce conflict between each of the 2 countries.
3. British obsessed with Abyssinian crisis.

57
Q

Why no-one stopped Hitler? (2)

A

France:
1. Politicians were distracted as they fought a general election
2.French army in Tunisia to help with Abyssinian crisis.
3. Thought Germany entering Rhineland was risky as it was too big for the to occupy with a little army.

58
Q

Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland important?

A

-Britain and France started rearming; war was getting closer.
-French priority was now protecting border; they started ignoring treaties they had signed to protect other.
-Hitler signed Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan in November 1932; agreed to work against threat of communism (Italy later joined)
-Hitler showed he was powerful; signed Rome- Berlin Axis.
-Hitler gained confidence that he could get away with violating the ToV.

59
Q

What were the events of Anschluss? (1)

A

In 1934, Hitler had Austrian Chancellor Dolfuss backed down when Mussolini moved troops to Austrian border.
In 1938, Hitler planned to get rid of new chancellor Schuschnigg but Police found out and Nazis were imprisoned.. Schuschnigg was scared so met with Hitler and agreed to grant Austrian Nazis key position in exchange for Hitler’s support.
Hitler put his puppet Seyss-Inquart as minister of interior. He now had full control of Austrian police who would turn a blind eye to attacks on Austrian Government.

60
Q

What were events of Anschluss? (2)

A

Schuschnigg planned a plebiscite to prove people did not want Anschluss but Hitler demanded it to be renamed and forced him to resign.
Hitler made Seyss-Inquart the new chancellor so he could control him. Inquart declared Austria to be in a state of chaos and asked Hitler to restore order. On 12th March 1938, Nazi forces invaded Austria who were greeted with a cheer.
On 10th April 1938 plebiscite was held and the Nazis won 99% of the vote (was fixed?)

61
Q

How did people react to Anschluss?

A

Austria-99% of people voted in favour of Anschluss and stormtroopers guarded them therefore, they were fixed.
Germany- Hitler used it as propaganda and people saw he achieved Volksdeutsche.
British-Some citizens decided TOV was too harsh on Germany, so allowed Austria to unite with them.
France-2 days before invasion, government resigned so did not get involved.
Czechoslovakia-Feared Lebensraum meant they would be invaded next. Britain, France protected them if it was going to happen later.

62
Q

What was the Sudeten crisis?

A

Sudeten in south Gemrnay,. north Czechoslovakia
-Hitler planned Lebensraum
- Czechoslovakia had lots of defences in Sudeten, there were natural resources Hitler wanted.
20% Sudeten was German so May 1938, Hitler invaded.
-Hitler thought capturing Sudeten would destroy TOV.

63
Q

When Chamberlain met Hitler?

A

-Chamberlain flew to Berchtesgaden to meet Hitler.
-Chamberlain wanted to appease Hitler to prevent war, so let him take Sudetenland.
-Chamberlain met with Czechs to agree to Hitler.
-September 1938 -Chamberlain met Hitler at Bad Godsberg gave Sudetenland to him along with Hungary and Poland.

64
Q

When was the Munich conference and what did they agree?

A

29 September 1938
-Chamberlain, Daladier, Mussolini, Hitler met in Munich.
Accepted demands Hitler made in Bad Godsberg.
-Chamberlain, Daladier agreed Hitler cannot take more land after this.
CHAMBERLAIN GUARANTEED “PEACE IN OUR TIME”.
-Czechs and USSR not consulted so Stalin could not trust anyone.

65
Q

When did Hitler invade Sudetenland properly?

A

-10 October 1938
-Troops marched in Czechs saw this as military invasion.
-Was the first time Hitler invaded somewhere not united before with Germany.
-Hitler completed invasion in 1939, broke policies made at Munich conference so appeasement failed.

66
Q

How did appeasement end and what were the pros to appeasement?

A

End as a result of the failure in the Sudeten Crisis.
For:
-War costs lives, and it avoided this. -Versailles had been too harsh on Germany.
-Hitler said he was a man peace.
-War was too expensive (due to Great Depression).
-Hitler could be an ally against Communism.
-British rearmament did not start until 1936- Britain was not ready for war.
-USA would not support Britain and France.

67
Q

What were the cons to appeasement?

A

Against:
-Hitler did not make it a secret that he would use violence.
-Hitler grew in confidence.
-Appeasement was morally wrong.
-The USSR had been alienated (would them sign Nazi-Soviet Pact).

68
Q

What is another name of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and when was it signed?

A

Molotov-Ribbentrop
(Named after USSR minister for foreign affairs Vyacheslav Molotov & Joachim von Ribbentrop)
23rd August 1939

69
Q

What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A

-Hitler next target= Poland for Lebensraum, so he defied TOV.
-USSR also wanted Poland for “sphere for influence”
-This means they would have to fight on 2 fronts e.g. Britain, France and Poland, USSR. This was one reason Germany lost WW1.
-To stop this happening-23 August 1939, Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet pact.

70
Q

Why did Germany want to sign the Nazi-Soviet pact?

A

-Hitler could invade Poland but also Britain and France would protect if further conflict occurred.
-Britain and France could not have USSR on their side so GERMANY DID NOT FEEL VULNERABLE.
-USSR had large army so not a threat to Germany anymore.

71
Q

Why did USSR want to sign Nazi-Soviet pact?

A

-Stalin annoyed for not being invited at Munich conference so felt he could appease Hitler and grow his empire.
-Britain and France sent diplomats (POLITICIANS) to meet Stalin and Hitler spent a senior Nazi to impress Stalin.
-Hitler gave Stalin Polish territory. Stalin would not have to send troops.
-Stalin thought Hitler would invade USSR but not ready to fight so signed it.

72
Q

What were facts about the invasion of Poland and declaration of WW2?

A

-Nazi-Soviet pact meant Britain and France attempt at appeasement failed.
-They would protect Poland if Hitler invaded, now WAR WAS INEVITABLE.
-Therefore, Hitler invaded Poland 1 SEPTEMBER 1939, a battleship attacked Danzig. LUFTWAFFE AND ARMED FORCES HELPED ASWELL.

73
Q

How did Britain react to the invasion of Poland

A

-3 SEPTEMBER 1939, Britain sent ultimatum
-This was that by 11:00 Britain would declare war, Hitler didn’t reply so France and Britain (as allies) started WW2.
-Poland overrun in 4 weeks and Hitler realised Britain and France were too strong and carried on the war even though Poland were destroyed.
-SO, BRITAIN AND FRANCE WON WW2 as a result. Hitler was extremely wrong.

74
Q

What are some reasons for the outbreak of WW2?

A

-Hitler’s foreign policy aims.
-Chamberlain’s policies.
-Japan issues.
-Mussolini’s aims.
-The Big Three.
-American Isolationism.
-Fear of communism.
-The Great Depression and its effects.
-The weakness and collapse of the LoN.

History GCSE (3 decks)

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