Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geographies of Crisis > Migration Crisis > Flashcards

Migration Crisis Flashcards

1
Q

Migrant Crisis 1

A

European Migrant Crisis 2015

  • Syrian civil war
  • Migrants Syria to Turkey to EU
  • Arrivals to EU 7000 people a day peak
  • 2.5mn asylum claims
  • 2.3m illegal crossings
  • 11,000 deaths in Mediterranean
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lindley (2016)

A

Language of crisis is powerful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Great Migration

A

1916-1930

- US movement Africa-Americans south to N/W due to racism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

International Migration Stats

A
  • 244 mn people 2015 0r 3.3% pop world
  • Turkey largest refugee-hosting country (1.6mn)
  • 10 to 15mn stateless
  • 38mn internally displaced
  • 250mn climate refugees by 2050
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stateless CS

A

Rohingya - persecuted for ethnicity = mass movement to Bangladesh where stateless as should be refugees but Bangladesh not signatory 1951 Refugee Convention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Collyer and King (2016)

A
  • Crisis as produced and constructed narrative w specific responses
  • Crisis stems from neoliberalism, pol/econ crisis, border controls (2015)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gregory et al (2000)

Refugees

A
  • Post WW2 Europe = 1951 Convention + 1967 Protocol - eurocentric
  • 1969 Organisation for African Unity
  • externalisation asylum in Europe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Warf (2006)

Migration

A
  • Growth international migration w/ globalisation - 76mn 1960 to 191mn 2006
  • Ravenstein - migrants travel short distances, movement to urban centres, large towns grow more migration than natural increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anheier and Juergensmeyer (2012)

Immigration

A
  • Migration LEDC to MEDC - 2009 194mn and 1/3 move S to N
  • Middle East 85% workforce migrants
  • Two streams International Migration - C19th Europe to America (New World) vs 60s to 90s S to N (first encouraged, 2nd barriers)
  • OECD external and internal border enforcement
  • Struggle integration - France riots 2005
  • 10% highly skilled from developing live developed
  • Latin American in US spent 90% home, 10% remittances - Latin America / Caribbean $60bn remittances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Collins (2017)

Europe Child Refugee Crisis

A
  • Jungle refugee camp Calais 40 acres, many minors alone
  • UK Dubs plan not followed (accept migrant children)
  • 100,000 unaccompanied children seeking asylum 2015 Eruope
  • 10,000 refugee children missing Europe 2014 trafficking - 50% unaccompanied children STIs
  • 2009 Fr gov destroyed first jungle, now 6,000 new 2015
  • 33 deaths cross channel 2015/16
  • Fr see jungle informal settlement = NGO can’t operate
  • hard determine age refugees - Afghan 6% births recorded post 2003
  • Demolition jungle - May refuse children Britain
  • even if children get into GB may not get asylum / only be safe until 17 1/2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Migrant Crisis 2

Rundle, 2001

A

MV Tampa Crisis 2001

  • Boat from Indonesia asylum seekers sinking, saved MV Tampa (Norwegian freighter) rescued 433 passengers
  • Tried deliver Christmas Island, Australia refuse (only supplies 27 crew boat) - eventually Howard pass Boarder Protection bill Christmas Island jurisdictional different Australia = flexibility how apply refugee convention
  • Separate islands use for refugee claims, Australian intercept migrant boats spend islands- Pacific Solution
  • struggle find deals eg. Naura + NZ accept some but little
  • arrive sea different legal position + constructed security threat
  • moral panic
  • Howard gov manipulating situation gain politically (Tampa at time election - Howard behind polls - remake his image - Howard approval rating soared 77% - Howard brought party to point where only bullying boat refugees allowed retain power)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Klein (2008)

A

Crisis is endemic to capitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Foucault (1982)

A

Phenomenon produced by discourses

  • what say or don’t say relation discourse - discourses produce subjective truths ab world
  • eg. discourse panic Tampa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Saxton (2003) on Tampa

A

Asylum seekers represented as illegal, non-genuine and a threat in nationalist discourse to legitimate gov actions and public opinion and manage issue national identity - media not allowed to present refugees as humanised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

De Genova (2002)

A
  • Everyday life undocumented migrants not considered, esp academia - they are a part of social life, illegality only relevant certain contexts
  • Migrant illegality risen politics esp US-Mexico
  • Meanings eg. illegal vs legal vary across globe
  • Illegality certain relation to state, a pol identity
  • Migrant illegality = abstraction produced by law
  • Migrations are produced and patterned
  • Immigration law changing constantly based historical moments to mediate crisis
  • Illegality works other all noncitizen to form national identity
  • Illegality in everyday life eg. surveillance to schools, police, local authorities (US, UK)
  • Illegality = space forced invisibility, exclusion, repression materialises around the undocumented regardless place
  • history eg. US immigration 1965 policy caused influx Mexicans created new problem - history selective border enforcement US on Mexicans = create them as alien, radicalised difference, produce stigma - saw Mexicans as reducible to labour eg. GD fired
  • Undocumented migration synonymous w US state loss control borders - border spectacle of illegal alien produced by law = visibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Race and Migration EG

A

Canada 1906 state policy forbade migration from anywhere other europe (white territory)
- not resented until 1960s

17
Q

Migrant Crisis 3
(Paik, 2013)
(Chavez, 2012 - ACT UP)

A

Haitians and the US (1980s)

  • Guantanamo Bay, Cuba US use refugee claims (external human rights law)
  • 1991 Haitian asylum seekers intercepted high seas (Bush repatriation policy), detention Guantanamo (Bush realised if reach US can’t send back due international law) - to Guantanamo and tested HIV
  • HIV positive not let into US - disease associated blackness, Haitians
  • Haiti revolution 1804 against Fr colony - have to pay fr 150mn gold francs to become state - imperial
  • US occupation 1915-34 - offshore production (cheap labour) + naval base opposite Guantanamo - US support Duvalier (x2) dictators = free trade zone (US claim nothing wrong Haiti - reality oppressive regime - don’t accept asylum claims, classed econ migrants)
  • 70s US Haitian Program
  • RACE (cuban white refugees allowed into US, Haitians not)
  • 1981 Reagan policy can apprehend refugee vessels at sea - externalised US border (80s increasing migration)
  • Constructed as boat people, derogatory, othering - language as econ migrants or illegal aliens not refugees
  • those in US pol activism against treatment Haitians - ACT UP 1992-3 (challenge policy HIV-pos migrants stuck Guantanamo - 300 pol refugees) - govs banned HIV-pos migration to US 1987 (1983 4Hs AIDs includes Haitians, only national group - stigmatised, discriminated)
  • ACT UP lawsuits, public protests, DIVA TV, help resettle Haitians when released to US, judge ordered refugees release 1993
  • Guantanamo refugee camps closed, but US still detain Haitians
  • US prepared Guantanamo 2010 Haitian earthquake
18
Q

Border Externalisation Example

A

EU-Turkey Agreement 2018

  • People arriving Greek islands returned Turkey - Turkey get 6bn euros to assist refugees, Turkish nationals can visa-free travel europe and once arrivals dropped migrants transferred to Europe
  • But Turkey not safe haven refugees - corruption - take money, not use what supposed to
  • EU externalising crisis
19
Q

Hyndman and Mountz (2008)

A
  • Citizens protected by gov vs no human rights - loss access sovereign territory problem externalisation asylum
  • foreigners scrutinised biopolitical regimes exclusion
  • Australia + EU neo-refoulement
  • Asylum becoming security issue, not ab refugee protection - neutralising law for security eg. US Guantanamo
  • protection refugees not law but ad hoc decisions offshore
  • migration underwritten governmentally mistrust / fear of the other - use home idea and migrants - outsiders vs insiders - fear does political work - migrants framed categories, loss individual identity creating us / them
  • Australia 1994 policy detention anyone arrives w/o visa
  • invisible wall around EU - keep displaced closest safe place to home
  • 2003 GB proposes externalisation asylum and refugees but EU vote against
  • OECD countries want to de-territorialize refugee protection
20
Q

Zampano et al. (2015)

Historical examples migrant crisis

A

WW2 - 60mn displaced
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict - 5.1mn displaced, UN looks after 5.1mn registered Palestinian refugees across 60 camps Middle East

21
Q

Somalia Remittances CS

Gutale (2015)

Banning-Lover (2015)

( Lindley (2006) )

( Lindley (2009) )

A
  • 40% Somalis rely money sent from relatives abroad; 2mn somali diaspora send remittances
  • annual remittances $1.3bn more than foreign aid and investment in Somalia combined
  • Banks US, UK, Australia stopping allowing send money to Somalia as concerns high risk of money laundering or funding terrorism
  • Somalians can’t afford medical bills, being evicted, can’t pay school fees children
  • Somalia no central gov since 1991 and no banking system
  • 1999 fund school Galkayo, Somalia - remittances from 500 families 12 countries provide $162,000 year keep it going but charity behind schools had accounts closed
  • 2011 crack down banks checks money laundering = fines eg. HSBC fined £1.2bn not checking money to Mexico - Somali high-risk customers (even 2015 after actually had proper government) - banks cut off to avoid fines - banks risks outweigh problems caused in Somalia - damage of one transaction linked terrorism huge yet little evidence money getting to terrorists - blocking banks encourages illicit financial flows eg. driving w huge amounts cash
  • 40% Somalia’s GDP from remittances (largest revenue)
  • UK remittances not foreign policy issue despite £350m going there
  • UK protests, parliamentary debates, petition w 112,000 signatories
  • putting the crisis on Somalia with no gov and vulnerable

(Somalia GB colony collapsed 1991 - civil war 80s)
(Life expectancy 47, adult literacy 18%)
(2003 made 10% asylum claims UK - most national group)
(diasporas can help political groups Somalia)

(1mn live abroad out of 7.4mn)
(London large community somali diaspora - 60,000)
( 16% employed london - many barriers labour)
(61% in LND send remittances, $4,440 year sent)

22
Q

Lindley (2006)

A
  • Migration as way diversify household income - part household livelihood strategy
  • Gendered eg. boys avoid military, girls may more likely send remittances home
  • People situated socially, pol, econ - impact where can go - smuggle may cost $10,000 - migration collective family investment for returns remittances
  • social pressure to send money home
  • remittance often associated with econ migrants, can also be refugees
23
Q

Lindley (2009)

A
  • need diaspora perspective understand remittances - somewhere someone pays even if may be in host country
  • remittances are not just money
  • econ NELM model remittance behaviour sees migration household strategy diversify income - migration as about costs and benefits - not really often about meeting need, move to survive
  • refugees are economic actors, not just victims
  • diversification geog remitting - more females
  • migrants econ situation impacts remittances
  • huge social pressure to send remittances - not just family but communities in host country
  • problem see west as rich - don’t understand hardships there - difference in what £50 gets you - may be on benefits and remitting, have accept poor work easier to get than develop skill, no disposable income - N/S divide
  • remittances often about maintaining social relationships
  • assumed if migrant not go home remitting decrease - not necessarily the case
  • need more holistic understanding
24
Q

Diedring and Dorber (2015)

European Council on Refugees and Exiles

A
  • Language (use media and politicians) creates hostile environment for refuges - used intently to stigmatise those crossing borders
  • language simplifying complex situation
  • long history language dehumanising people arriving Europe
  • categories migrant fluid
  • Refugee crisis as 94% from top 10 refugee producing countries
  • 1951 Refugee Convention = no neo-refoulment, fair treatment, refugees international protection - to avoid duties, distinction refugee and others moving blurred politics
  • Language of security by european leaders (strengthen borders, controls) - narrow legal entry = more illegal, smuggling etc. - seeing threat, war = toxifies and justifies poor treatment
  • dehumanisation - language of water eg. flood - can’t be stopped, large damage
  • Refugees need treated dignity and respect

Geographies of Crisis (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions