Migration Crisis Flashcards
Migrant Crisis 1
European Migrant Crisis 2015
- Syrian civil war
- Migrants Syria to Turkey to EU
- Arrivals to EU 7000 people a day peak
- 2.5mn asylum claims
- 2.3m illegal crossings
- 11,000 deaths in Mediterranean
Lindley (2016)
Language of crisis is powerful
The Great Migration
1916-1930
- US movement Africa-Americans south to N/W due to racism
International Migration Stats
- 244 mn people 2015 0r 3.3% pop world
- Turkey largest refugee-hosting country (1.6mn)
- 10 to 15mn stateless
- 38mn internally displaced
- 250mn climate refugees by 2050
Stateless CS
Rohingya - persecuted for ethnicity = mass movement to Bangladesh where stateless as should be refugees but Bangladesh not signatory 1951 Refugee Convention
Collyer and King (2016)
- Crisis as produced and constructed narrative w specific responses
- Crisis stems from neoliberalism, pol/econ crisis, border controls (2015)
Gregory et al (2000)
Refugees
- Post WW2 Europe = 1951 Convention + 1967 Protocol - eurocentric
- 1969 Organisation for African Unity
- externalisation asylum in Europe
Warf (2006)
Migration
- Growth international migration w/ globalisation - 76mn 1960 to 191mn 2006
- Ravenstein - migrants travel short distances, movement to urban centres, large towns grow more migration than natural increase
Anheier and Juergensmeyer (2012)
Immigration
- Migration LEDC to MEDC - 2009 194mn and 1/3 move S to N
- Middle East 85% workforce migrants
- Two streams International Migration - C19th Europe to America (New World) vs 60s to 90s S to N (first encouraged, 2nd barriers)
- OECD external and internal border enforcement
- Struggle integration - France riots 2005
- 10% highly skilled from developing live developed
- Latin American in US spent 90% home, 10% remittances - Latin America / Caribbean $60bn remittances
Collins (2017)
Europe Child Refugee Crisis
- Jungle refugee camp Calais 40 acres, many minors alone
- UK Dubs plan not followed (accept migrant children)
- 100,000 unaccompanied children seeking asylum 2015 Eruope
- 10,000 refugee children missing Europe 2014 trafficking - 50% unaccompanied children STIs
- 2009 Fr gov destroyed first jungle, now 6,000 new 2015
- 33 deaths cross channel 2015/16
- Fr see jungle informal settlement = NGO can’t operate
- hard determine age refugees - Afghan 6% births recorded post 2003
- Demolition jungle - May refuse children Britain
- even if children get into GB may not get asylum / only be safe until 17 1/2
Migrant Crisis 2
Rundle, 2001
MV Tampa Crisis 2001
- Boat from Indonesia asylum seekers sinking, saved MV Tampa (Norwegian freighter) rescued 433 passengers
- Tried deliver Christmas Island, Australia refuse (only supplies 27 crew boat) - eventually Howard pass Boarder Protection bill Christmas Island jurisdictional different Australia = flexibility how apply refugee convention
- Separate islands use for refugee claims, Australian intercept migrant boats spend islands- Pacific Solution
- struggle find deals eg. Naura + NZ accept some but little
- arrive sea different legal position + constructed security threat
- moral panic
- Howard gov manipulating situation gain politically (Tampa at time election - Howard behind polls - remake his image - Howard approval rating soared 77% - Howard brought party to point where only bullying boat refugees allowed retain power)
Klein (2008)
Crisis is endemic to capitalism
Foucault (1982)
Phenomenon produced by discourses
- what say or don’t say relation discourse - discourses produce subjective truths ab world
- eg. discourse panic Tampa
Saxton (2003) on Tampa
Asylum seekers represented as illegal, non-genuine and a threat in nationalist discourse to legitimate gov actions and public opinion and manage issue national identity - media not allowed to present refugees as humanised
De Genova (2002)
- Everyday life undocumented migrants not considered, esp academia - they are a part of social life, illegality only relevant certain contexts
- Migrant illegality risen politics esp US-Mexico
- Meanings eg. illegal vs legal vary across globe
- Illegality certain relation to state, a pol identity
- Migrant illegality = abstraction produced by law
- Migrations are produced and patterned
- Immigration law changing constantly based historical moments to mediate crisis
- Illegality works other all noncitizen to form national identity
- Illegality in everyday life eg. surveillance to schools, police, local authorities (US, UK)
- Illegality = space forced invisibility, exclusion, repression materialises around the undocumented regardless place
- history eg. US immigration 1965 policy caused influx Mexicans created new problem - history selective border enforcement US on Mexicans = create them as alien, radicalised difference, produce stigma - saw Mexicans as reducible to labour eg. GD fired
- Undocumented migration synonymous w US state loss control borders - border spectacle of illegal alien produced by law = visibility