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Geographies of Crisis > Energy Crisis > Flashcards

Energy Crisis Flashcards

1
Q

CS’s x2 - Oil Fluctuation

A
  • 1978 Iran oil workers strike to 1979 Iranian revolution shatters Iran’s oil sector to 1980 Iraqi invasion Iran stops oil production
  • Gulf War 2 - Bush / US (+UK) want exploit oil - beneath freedom operation discourse - free Iraqi
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2
Q

Oil Country

A

Saudi Arabia

  • 65% electricity generated oil
  • domestic consumption subsidised - fossil fuel companies global subsidies £3.4 trillion year
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3
Q

Coal Country

A

China

  • oil consumption grown 8% year since 2002
  • worlds largest energy consumer 2010
  • clean coal tech eg. carbon capture + storage
  • worlds biggest coal producer 40% global production and biggest consumer
  • 90% coal reserves in arid, env sensitive regions
  • 620 coal fire stations
  • Beijing pollution
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4
Q

United Nations Environment (2018)

A

UN collecting data fossil fuel subsidies as part SDGs. Govs spend annually up to $400bn these subsidies. Artificial lowering prices locks us into a carbon world with wasteful consumption, pollution etc. Remove them + tax fossil fuels = 20% decline carbon emissions and raise $2.9 trillion year. eg. British Columbia, Canada carbon tax reduced fuel use 15% per person.

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5
Q

Bradshaw (2008)

Resources

A
  • Resource consumption threat globe + ecosystem
  • Resources are dynamic - change with civilisation, change spatially (more similar globalisation)
  • Resources related to power and control - colonialism
  • Resource base = finite stock
  • Proven resource (discovered + can extract), condition (not econ viable extract), hypothetical (future discovery)
  • US involvement iraq war oust Hussein (Gulf war) - US policy Middle east ab oil
  • nuclear energy - R increase 15 to 25% by 2020 vs Sweden phase out
  • Energy mix linked development
  • geopolitical eg. Russian gas (UK rely)
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6
Q

Caldecott (2011)

A
  • high carbon investment potential next sub-prime crisis
  • Need act now become low-carbon economy
  • to limit chance exceeding 2 degree warming to 20% can emit 565 gigatonnes CO2 by 2050 but fossil reserves are 2,795 gigatonnes - 80% have stay ground
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7
Q

Energy Poverty figures

A
  • Nigeria 76.4% without electricity despite oil wealth

- UK 10.4% households fuel poverty

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8
Q

SE4ALL official site (Sustainable Energy for All initiative)

A

UN Targets to be met 2030 (SDG 7 also)

  • Ensuring universal access to modern energy services
  • Increasing energy efficiency
  • Double share renewable energy in global energy mix
  • huge cost to achieve, no plan financing and big infrastructure does not suit developing needs
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9
Q

Hancock (2015)

Potential for renewable energy SSA (NY)

A

Potential for renewable energy SSA

  • 32% africans w/o electricity and indoor pollution = 600,000 premature deaths year
  • same energy consumption New York City 19.5mn and Sub-Sarahan Africa 791mn
  • 25 countries SSA blackout crisis
  • need to understand local cultures and needs when applying schemes electricity
  • Accommodate rural (63% africans live rural)
  • need community, decentralised, local, renewable - donations to start as companies won’t sponsor small
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10
Q

Prasad (2011)

SSA energy

A

SSA energy

  • 74% no access electricity - 89% rural
  • 80% cook wood fuels / rely traditional fuel
  • inequality rural access 11% urban 54% 4% lowest income group and 74% highest
  • Asian investors in SSA 2001-6 china $1.7bn year 6 HEP projects include rural electrification programme Zimbabwe
  • to achieve universal access modern electricity 2030 SSA 28mn year connecting electricity, 31mn modern cooking
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11
Q

Khadka (2012) - Modern Energy Crisis

A

Indian Energy Crisis 2012

  • India’s northern power grid collapses, impacting 370mn people July 30 - next day collapses again with also eastern & NE grids = impact 630mn people
  • Cause: weak monsoon limited HEP generation (26% total energy), overuse (too high demand)
  • India 300mn w/o electricity acces
  • India generates 65% electricity from non-renewables
  • need decentralise - illegal wiring etc infrastructure old
  • BRIC increasing energy demand
  • needs $182bn for universal access 2030
  • suggestion cross-border network countries pull resources (Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh - 50% pop w/o electricity) - India & Nepal water controversy - conflict solving to? Regional grid
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12
Q

The Energy and Resources Institute

A

Lighting a billion lives campaign in Delhi, India

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13
Q

Power (2017)

A
  • 20% or 1/5 global population without access to electricity (95% SSA or dev Asia; 80% rural)
  • 40% or 2/5 without access clean cooking facilities
  • South Africa access electricity 34% 1991 now 85% post apartheid - Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer’s Procurement Programme $14bn investment
  • Brazil invest in Mozambique coal, and now gas discoveries.
  • 75% Mozambiques population off-grid
  • M exports power to industrial consumers. - export electricity from Cahora Bassa (dam - Portuguese colonialism - depend HEP) then reimporting to Maputo higher cost - bypass local village interest industry - power focused export and industry
  • Mphanda Nkuwa HEP Chinese bank money, Brazilian firm build to create 1,500MW electricity - would displace 1,400 people + threaten 200,000 subsistence farmers livelihoods
  • India invest M first solar plant
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14
Q

Mulugetta and Urban (2010)

A
  • Low carbon dev - need change dev trajectory
  • need $40bn year achieve universal energy access 2030
  • need econ model linked environment
  • need rich countries uptake low carbon tech to create market
  • Maldives to be carbon neutral 2020 but cost $110m year achieve
  • China aim dominance renewable market
  • decouple growth and carbon
  • LOCAL important
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15
Q

BBC (2019) / Gallas (2019)

A

Brazil Dam Brumadinho collapse - at iron ore mine owned Vale
- 300 dead or missing
/
Turn Vale company multiple dam breaks
- global Brazilian company - mining revenue £26bn 2017
- protestors against, $20bn off stock value
- move away high risk investment

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16
Q

Garside (2015)

A

SDG 7 = energy (access universal reliable, modern, affordable energy ; double rate efficiency ; increase share renewables - by 2030)

  • focus large scale infrastructure, where funding
  • need bottom-up solutions w locals
17
Q

Slavin (2015)

A
  • 3bn rely dangerous fuel eg. kerosene
  • need development through sustainable energy sources (issue finance)
  • M-pesa mobiles
  • need communities and local knowledge central - grassroots key
  • $800bn year meet goal 7
  • private sector investment
18
Q

Ockwell and Bryne (2017)

A
  • need make rising energy demand developing met renewables
  • energy access so poor escape poverty
  • need social transformation
  • CDM assumption tech means access
  • need open new development paths - not European one
  • narrative tech focus means issues not solved in line with those need it - need small scale, bottom-up, community
19
Q

Bradshaw (2009)

A
  • 2008 peak oil $147 barrel
  • energy CO2 emissions = over 61% global greenhouse emissions
  • need tackle energy security and need low-carbon - energy revolution (helps developing, not just developed)
  • change geog - 2008 first year non OECD energy consumption greater OECD
  • OPEC power eg. 1973 not supply US + other countries supported Israel Yom Kippur war - embargo (per barrel price x4 73-4) - OPEC 44% global oil production
  • energy security challenges
    1. US oil addiction - largest consumer + importer - 5% world pop, 25% oil consumes - 3rd largest oil producer 2007 but still imported 58% needs
  • Gulf War 1990 Iraqi invasion Kuwait ($15 to $30 barrel) as claim Kuwait overproducing oil = drop price + illegal drilling - US enter to stop - Iraqi military set fire 600 oil wells - if Iraq successful controlled 20% OPEC production and 20% world oil reserves
    2. EU reliance Russian gas (25% consumption) - Russia set price politically eg. East Europe cheaper
    3. China and new scramble for Africa
  • coal = 70% energy mix
  • 2nd largest oil consumer
  • China invest africa, including places US won’t eg. indigenous, frame as south-to-south developing cooperation, gain other countries isolating Taiwan
20
Q

Power (2008)

A
  • stigmatising labels developing , third world etc
  • dev equality or catching up w wealthy less likely widening global inequality
  • two sided story energy + development
21
Q

Tagliapietra and Bazilian (2017)

A

SSA electrification

  • 92% financial support World Bank, African Development Bank and EU
  • less 1/3 electricity access
  • 600,000 premature deaths year air pollution cooking
  • average electrification rate 35%, 16% rural
  • annual investments $8bn - 100bn needed to meet 2030 target (need private investment)
  • China SOEs (state owned enterprises) = 30% new power capacity SSA 2010-15 investment 13bn
22
Q

Pachauri and Cherp (2011)

A
  • need think energy security at national level and household access level
  • coordinated governance needed climate change, energy security and energy access
  • energy transition and less affordable and available oil may impact poor countries worse - poor people bottom more vulnerable to energy system disruption and vulnerability increases with energy like wind often
  • challenge is energy access populations bottom - rural electrification and clean cooking stoves real problem
  • SSA 80% pop rely traditional fuels cook
  • gender issues also important

Geographies of Crisis (3 decks)

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