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Higher History > Migration and Empire 1830-1939 Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Migration and Empire 1830-1939 Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were literacy and education levels like for Irish Catholic immigrants?

A

Most of them were uneducated and illiterate

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2
Q

In what areas did Irish Catholic immigrants settle?

A

Areas where ships disembark. 29% in Glasgow, some in Dundee and in Edinburgh

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3
Q

By 1851 what percentage of the Scottish population were Irish Catholic?

A

7.2%

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4
Q

What work did Irish Catholic immigrants do?

A

Low skilled manual jobs like coal mining, textiles, navvies on railways and canals

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5
Q

Did Irish Catholic immigrants face religious discrimination?

A

Yes. As Scotland is a mostly Protestant country.

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6
Q

What caused heightened religious tension between Irish Catholics and Scots?

A

Scots feared Irish Catholics were bringing down wages due to them being so keen to work

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7
Q

When was there evidence of cooperation in the workplace between Irish Catholics and Scots? What happened?

A

1870s: forming trade unions and going on strike together

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8
Q

What were the living conditions for Irish Catholic immigrants like?

A

Lived in slums. Terrible condition, poor sanitation, overcrowding, spread of diseases such as cholera and typhus

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9
Q

Where did distinct Irish Catholic communities form?

A

Edinburgh, Dundee, Glasgow

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10
Q

How did Irish Catholic immigrants choose to spend their money? How did Scots react to this?

A

Gambling. Scots looked down on them and blamed them for their own economic situation. Thought of them as insular, drunk, dirty and disease ridden

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11
Q

How did the stereotypes of Catholic Irish immigrants affect the relationships between them and native Scots?

A

Harmed relations between Scots and Catholic Irish

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12
Q

How did the Catholic church impact the Irish Catholic community?

A

Helped set up clubs, football teams, and schools.

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13
Q

Why was it difficult for Irish Catholic immigrants to assimilate into Scottish society?

A

High levels of intermarriage- 80% in 1851 in Greenock

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14
Q

Where did Irish Catholic immigrants experience violence? Why and what did they experience?

A

Certain parts of Glasgow were out of bounds depending on what religion you were. Physical and verbal attacks

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15
Q

How was assimilation into Scottish society for Protestant Irish compared to Catholic Irish?

A

Much easier as they shared the same religion as native Scots.

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16
Q

What jobs did Protestant Irish immigrants have and why?

A

Engineers in iron making firms such as Bairds of Gartsherrie, train drivers and signal workers. They were given these jobs because of their religion and they were skilled and educated.

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17
Q

What helped Protestant Irish immigrants maintain a distinct identity?

A

Orange orders. Developed in 1800s which were marches celebrating the distinct identity of Protestant Irish.

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18
Q

What were Orange Lodges used for?

A

Place where Protestant Irish people could meet. Wedding and funeral venue.

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19
Q

What is an example of an attack on Protestant Irish people after an Orange march?

A

1857: 300 orange men attacked by Catholics in Airdrie returning from an orange march

20
Q

Why did Jews immigrate to Scotland?

A

Escaping religious and economic persecution in Russia. Some used Scotland as a stop before USA

21
Q

Where did Jews settle in Scotland?

A

Edinburgh and Dundee, and mostly Glasgow

22
Q

Could Jewish immigrants speak English?

A

No, they spoke Yiddish

23
Q

What jobs did Jewish immigrants do?

A

Mostly self-employed. Opened butchers and bakeries. Successful in tailor trade and cigarette industry.

24
Q

Did Jewish immigrants ever experience discrimination against their faith?

A

They did experience some anti-semitism but it was very rarely violent

25
Q

By the 20th century, what professions were Jewish immigrants making a large impact on?

A

Legal and medical professions

26
Q

How well did Jewish immigrants settle into Scotland?

A

Integrated well into Scottish life. Maintained identity and strong communities.

27
Q

Why did Lithuanians immigrate to Scotland?

A

Escaping persecution in Russia, poverty, using Scotland as a stop before USA

28
Q

Were Lithuanians initially welcomed? Why?

A

No, because Scots believed they were brought to break strikes and drive down wages

29
Q

What did Lithuanians do to ensure their loyalty in the workplace? When did this happen?

A

1912: Lithuanians took part in a national strike, joined trade unions

30
Q

What helped Lithuanians build relations with Scots?

A

Became involved in left wing politics

31
Q

Did Lithuanian immigrants face discrimination against their faith?

A

Yes. The majority of them were Catholics and faced discrimination from Protestant Scots

32
Q

What stereotype was established about Lithuanians by Scots? What made them think this?

A

Lacking moral fibre and indulged in too much heavy drinking. This stemmed from the misunderstanding about traditional celebrations with lasted days

33
Q

How did Lithuanians show a strong sense of national pride and togetherness in the community?

A

Published newspapers in their language, held dances, concerts and attended church

34
Q

What change did Lithuanian immigrants make in the 20th century to integrate more firmly into Scottish society?

A

Changed their last names to sound more Scottish (‘Black’ or ‘Smith’)

35
Q

What event had the biggest impact on the Lithuanian community?

A

The Great War: 1914-18. Many men left t fight for Russia and few returned

36
Q

What state was the Lithuanian community in by the beginning of WWII

A

The previously distinct and vibrant community was diminished

37
Q

Why did the Italians immigrate to Scotland?

A

To escape poverty and famine, stop off point before USA

38
Q

Where did Italian immigrants settle?

A

Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen

39
Q

In what trade did Italians make the biggest impact?

A

Catering trade. Ice cream parlours (Lucas), and fish and chip shops

40
Q

What was the stereotype associated with Italian businesses?

A

Scots believed that they were immoral and that they encouraged young people to meet up and misbehave

41
Q

Why did Scots think that the existence of some Italian businesses were unacceptable?

A

They opened on Sundays

42
Q

Other than catering, what other business was Italian immigrants involved in?

A

Hairdressing

43
Q

What did Italians establish in 1928?

A

College of Italian Hairdressers in Glasgow

44
Q

Why did it take a long time for Italians to form relations with Scots?

A

Didn’t socialise a lot with Scots as they worked long hours

45
Q

Was intermarriage expected in the Italian community?

A

Yes

46
Q

Did Italians lose their identity immigrating into a new country?

A

No. They maintained a distinct identity, tradition, language and family ties.

Higher History (8 decks)

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