Migration and Empire 1830-1939 Chapter 1 Flashcards
How were the people in the Lowlands affected by industrialisation?
Labour saving technology introduced onto farms meaning farmworkers were no longer required
When were threshing machines introduced onto farms and what did they harvest?
By 1870, most hay and grain were harvested using threshing machines
When was steam power introduced onto farms?
Early 19th century
Why were Lowlanders severly effected by industrialisation?
When they lost their jobs, they lost their homes also as they were rented from the landowner
Why did people leave the rural Lowlands during 1830-1911?
Population doubled and there wasn’t enough jobs to go round
Why did people from the Lowlands move to growing towns and cities?
More job opportunities and higher wages
What was working on the farms in the Lowlands like?
Long hours, few breaks, not many holidays
Why did people who lived in the cities leave?
People who lived in the city were skilled workers and left after industrialisation made their skills no longer economically valuable
What was migration like initially in the Highlands?
Temporary
When did workers on the Highlands migrate? Where did they go?
When they could not harvest their crops.
Jobs in South, navvies in railway construction and working on Lowland farms which allowed them to work on their croft
When did temporary migration in the Highlands become more permanent?
From 1840 onwards
Why did people from the Highlands permanently migrate?
1846- potato famine (avoiding starvation)
Highland Clearance
Where did people migrate to from the Highlands?
Lowlands- promised food and jobs
Cities- worked in domestic service or as labourers
Overseas- hope of more arable land
In the 18-19th century what did landowners do with their land?
Rented it out to tenants to produce food.
What happened when profitable sheep farming was introduced to Highland farms?
Tenants were moved off the land so landowners could make more money.
Where did evicted tenants from Highland farms go?
Cities or abroad. Ontario and Nova Scotia were popular as crofters could keep in touch with land and continue a similar way of life
In the 1840s, railway boomed, how did this affect migration?
Easier to move around the country, encouraging temporary and permanent internal migration
How did the invention of the steamship affect migration?
travelling made easier, quicker, and cheaper encouraging emigration
What is an example of steamships making migration quicker?
During 1850s: 6+ weeks to travel across Atlantic
By 1914: only a week
How did living conditions in Lowlands make people leave?
Living conditions were basic lacking varied social life. Many left in hope of enjoying football games, music halls and cinemas in the city.
What attracted the South and East Highlands to the towns?
Jobs and better educational opportunities
What is the Education Act and when was it established?
- Every Scot aged 5-13 had the right to an education
What were the living conditions like in the Highlands?
Blackhouses: stone walls with turfed or thatched roofs. No windows or roofs, inside became blackened with soot. Space shared with animals, disease spread easily., (typhus)
What is the Crofters Act and when was it established?
1886: crofters cannot be removed from land without good reason
What were political solutions affect on migration?
It did not discourage migration
In what countries did new opportunities arise between 1830-1939?
Canada, Australia and New Zealand
What were the incentives used to encourge emigration?
Free or cheap land, passage for emigrants
How did newspaper advertisement affect emigration?
As Scotland was an educated country with high literacy rates, more people left as countries wanted intelligent people to develop their eonomies
What jobs did early Scottish settlers occupy?
Doctors, engineers, and merchants
What landlords help finance migration?
Dukes of Sutherland and Argyll
What was the Emigration Act and when was it established?
Emigration freely available for the poorest, government financed emigration 1851
What happened between 1846 and 1857?
16533 of poorest people helped to emigrate
