Migration 8B.6 onwards Flashcards
What is an example of a tax haven and what % is its corporation tax?
Bermuda, 0%
What is an example of a non tax haven and what % is its corporation tax?
Kenya, 30%
What is the application for globalisation increasing the use of tax havens (transport tech)?
Lewis Hamilton moved to Monaco, if you stay a resident for 6 months you can be tax-free on worldwide income
How does globalisation increase the use of tax havens (transport tech)?
Easier for rich individuals to move so population growth so more spending so positive multiplier effect so further investment
What is the application for globalisation increasing the use of tax havens (comms tech)?
Fibre optic cables transfer data at the speed of light
How does globalisation increase the use of tax havens (comms tech)?
Increased flows of info so increased awareness of tax havens so increased flow of capital to tax haven so further growth in related job sectors e.g. finance so growth of specialism and further use of tax haven
What is the application for globalisation increasing the use of tax havens (growth of TNCs)?
Nike in Bermuda
How does globalisation increase the use of tax havens (growth of TNCs)?
Larger market size so bigger target audience and more sales so increased economies of scale so increased profit so encourages use of tax havens by TNCs
What is the application for tax havens benefitting individuals?
Reduce Lewis Hamilton’s income tax
How do tax havens benefit individuals?
Reduce tax liability so more disposable income so more purchasing power and reinvestments into assets which increase long-term wealth
What is the application for tax havens costing individuals?
Jimmy Carr called ‘morally reprehensible’ by Boris Johnson and has suffered from depression since scandal
How do tax havens cost individuals?
May suffer reputational damage - important if known as a public figure as future career can be impacted based on poor public perception
What is the application for tax havens benefitting TNCs?
Nike in Bermuda
How do tax havens benefit TNCs?
Less tax burden so more retained profits which can be used for investment into research and development so more innovation and sales
What is the application for tax havens costing TNCs?
2011 Starbucks boycott - paid no corp. tax on UK sales so reputational damage
How can tax havens cost smaller companies?
Outcompeted by larger businesses as don’t have revenue to invest in tax haven and pay more in corp. tax which limits ability to invest
How do tax havens benefit governments in a tax haven country?
Attract money and people to country which creates jobs due to more spending so more employment and less need to spend on welfare payments so improved gov. budget
What does Africa have the largest amount of (tax havens)?
Capital flight as a % of GDP
What % of corp. tax does Kenya have and how many average years of schooling are there?
30%, 5-6 years
How do tax havens cost governments in non-tax haven countries?
Experience capital flight so less tax revenue and less budget to spend on education so country’s development is held back
What is the case study for using increased gov. intervention as an alternative economic model to capitalism?
Sweden
What % of the population in Sweden pay the top rate tax (increased gov. intervention as an alternative to capitalism)?
15%
How many children in Sweden get free school meals (increased gov. intervention as an alternative to capitalism)?
All children (more budget spent on social development)
What is the case study for prioritising community as an alternative to capitalism?
Buen Vivir
Which country has adopted the Buen Vivir economic model (prioritising community as an alternative to capitalism)?
Bolivia
How does small scale production demonstrate Buen Vivir (prioritising community as an alternative to capitalism)?
Local production so more social responsiblity as managers are close to production and more environmental responsibility
What is the case study for having economic democracy as an alternative to capitalism?
John Lewis Partnership
How does economic democracy provide an alternative to capitalism?
Workers are given shares in the company so receive voting rights and dividend payments so more influence in the business
How many members did the UN have in 1945 compared to now?
51 in 1945 compared to 193 now (grown in importance due to increased no. of members)
Give an example of an environmental, socio-economic, and political branch of the UN
Environmental: IPCC
Socio-economic: World Bank
Political: UNSC
(Grown in importance due to growth in range of branches of the UN)
What is the case study for economic sanctions as a form of UN intervention?
Iran
In what year did the UNSC impose sanctions on Iran which banned the supply of nuclear-related materials (UN intervention)?
2006
Why did the UNSC impose sanctions on Iran (UN intervention)?
Believed Iran was enriching uranium to produce a nuclear weapon
Why were economic sanctions a success in Iran (UN intervention)?
Pushed value of Iran’s currency to record lows which drove away foreign investors
Why were economic sanctions a failure in Iran (UN intervention)?
Iran increased its uranium production and tensions have increased
When did inspectors find evidence of uranium enrichment to the quality needed to create a nuclear bomb (UN intervention)?
Feb 2023
What is the case study for military action as a form of UN intervention?
DRC conflict
How many nations were involved in the 1999 DRC war (UN intervention)?
6 nations
How many UN peacekeepers are still in the DRC in 2023 and how are they helping (UN intervention)?
18,000, protecting civilians and supporting gov. in its stablisation and peace consolidation efforts
Why was military action a success in the DRC (UN intervention)?
Situation may have been worse without UN involvement e.g. African world war
How many years of UN intervention were there in the DRC and when did the conflict end?
20 years, 2021
Why was UN intervention a failure in Rwanda?
Peacekeepers weren’t given a mandate to intervene in the conflict which led to the death of 800,000 Rwandans
What are the 2 case studies for unilateral action?
UK intervention in Sierra Leone (failed state) and Russia’s annexation of Crimea
What year was the civil war in Sierra Leone (unilateral action)?
1991
How many troops did the UK send to Sierra Leone after UN intervention failed (unilateral action)?
1,200
What year did the Sierra Leone civil war end as a result of UK intervention (unilateral action)?
2002
How did the UK’s unilateral action in Sierra Leone impact the UK’s geopolitical relations and Sierra Leone’s political stability?
Viewed as highly successful intervention which improved Britain’s standing in international geopolitics, improved stability in Sierra Leone
What year did Russia annex Crimea and what year was Ukraine invaded (unilateral action)?
2014, 2022
What impact has Russia’s invasion of Ukraine had on geopolitical relations?
Friction between Russia and NATO - EU, UK, and USA have all supplied weapons to Ukraine which caused threats from Russia
What is the aim of the WTO?
To facilitate free trade by removing trade barriers and providing a platform for trade negotiations
What is the WTO’s influence on globalisation?
Increases flows of goods and services
How does the WTO perpetuate western capitalism?
Less trade barriers so more neoliberal capitalism as it increases global economic efficiency
How does the WTO maintain existing patterns of power?
Free trade benefits developed more than developing countries
What is the problem with the WTO?
Free trade often ignores environmental conditions by enabling imports from countries with the least environmental protection
What is the aim of the IMF?
Promotes global economic stability by providing low-interest loans for nations in financial crises
What is the IMF’s influence on globalisation?
Privatisation increases the flow of capital
How does the IMF perpetuate western capitalism and maintain existing patterns of power?
IMF loans have conditions attached that promote neoliberal capitalism e.g. SAPs
What is the problem with the IMF?
SAPs
What is the aim of the HIPC (IMF initiative)?
Bringing debts down to manageable levels for the world’s poorest countries by giving low interest loans or writing off a part of the debt
How much money did Uganda receive from the HIPC and what % more do they now spend on healthcare?
$1.9 billion, 70% more
What is the problem with the HIPC?
Moral hazard as developing country isn’t forced to live with full consequences of its actions
What is the aim of the World Bank?
To promote development and reduce poverty by providing grants and loans
What % of voting power do developed countries have in the World Bank compared to developing countries?
60% developed, 6% developing
What influence does the World Bank have on globalisation?
ST increased flow of capital from loans, LT increased flow of goods + services as country develops
How does the World Bank perpetuate western capitalism?
SAPs often include privatisation and promote capitalism
How does the World Bank maintain existing patterns of power and how is this now changing?
Voting system reinforces power in favour of developed countries, China increasing its voting power over time as development increases
What is the positive case study for the World Bank?
Philippines 2014
What was the name of the loan given to the Philippines by the World Bank and what was the aim?
‘Philippines Rural Development Project’, aimed to increase rural incomes and decrease poverty
What % increase did the Philippines Rural Development Project have on annual household income?
5%
What % of Philippine’s GDP does agriculture contribute to?
10%
What is the negative case study for the World Bank?
Tanzania
What did the World Bank’s loan to Tanzania in 2007 privatise?
Their water supply
Which UK company bought Tanzania’s water system and why was this a bad thing?
CityWater, water prices rose but there was no improvement in quality or supply
What is the positive case study for the IMF?
Ghana
In what year was Ghana granted a loan from the IMF, how much was it, and why?
2015, $918 million, price of gold fell which economy was reliant on
Why was the IMF project in Ghana successful?
FDI projects increased into Ghana which made it more attractive to investors
What is the negative case study for the IMF?
Jamaica
Why did Jamaica need a bail out loan from the IMF?
After 70s oil crisis, struggled to repay debts
What was the % decrease in registered nurses in Jamaica after the IMF’s loan?
60% decrease (so increase in infant mortality)
Which 2 environmental IGOs protect the atmosphere and biosphere?
Montreal Protocol (atmosphere), CITES (biosphere)
What is the aim of the Montreal Protocol?
To protect the ozone layer by phasing out substances responsible for ozone depletion (CFCs)
How has the Montreal Protocol been successful in protecting the ozone layer?
Multilateral Fund helped all 142 developing countries involved to meet the 100% phase-out mark by 2010
What is the aim of CITES?
To protect endangered flora and fauna by banning the trade of endangered species and their products
How has CITES been a success?
Raised awareness of endangered species (snow leopards) and reduced ivory trade of African elephants
What is a criticism of CITES?
Targets species not ecosystems so issues such as deforestation aren’t reduced and economic interests get in the way
Which 3 environmental IGOs protect the hydrosphere?
UNCLOS, Helsinki Rules, Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
What is the aim of UNCLOS?
To define boundaries of coastal zones where countries have rights to marine and mineral resources (EEZs)
How has UNCLOS been a success?
Retired single-hulled oil containers which are easier to sink
Which 2 countries ignored the UNCLOS’ IWC rule in 1982 which banned commercial whaling?
Japan and Norway
What is the aim of the Helsinki Rules?
To provide guidelines on the use of rivers and groundwater that cross national borders
How have the Helsinki Rules been a success?
The main principle of ‘equitable share’ has now been established whereas before states had assumptions
What is a criticism of the Helsinki Rules?
No mechanism in place to enforce the rules if a country breaks them
What is the aim of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment?
To assess how changes in ecosystems affect human well-being and to protect them
How has the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment been a success?
Popularised putting a financial value on threatened ecosystems with strengthened calls for their protection e.g. Great Barrier Reef
Which environmental IGO protects the Antarctic?
Antarctic Treaty System
What is the aim of the Antarctic Treaty System?
Establishes freedom of scientific investigation and bans military action on the continent
How was the Antarctic Treaty System a success?
Few places on Earth where there has never been war and the environment is fully protected
What is a criticism of the Antarctic Treaty System?
Oil may be below the ice which could lead to future conflict as accessible finite resources deplete
What 3 factors influence modern nationalism?
Political parties, sporting events, education
How did UKIP influence modern nationalism (political parties influencing modern nationalism)?
Promoted awareness of their political view by using immigration as an argument e.g. NHS can’t cope with increased demand from EU migrants which increased national pride and led to UK voting to leave EU on 31st Jan 2020
How do sporting events influence modern nationalism?
Olympics generates desire for success of a nation, UK came 3rd on medals table in London 2012 Olympics, creates sense of pride, cemented by use of Union Jack and national anthem which builds national symbolism associated with success, shows pride and nationalism that other countries can see
How does education influence modern nationalism?
Spec of certain subjects aims to include content which evokes national pride, A-Level Geography studies national identity, increased pride and national identity so nationalism
What % of people voted to leave or stay in the Brexit vote (political parties influence modern nationalism)?
52% leave, 48% stay (impacts national identity by causing disunity so could decrease future nationalism)
How does the UK having decisions from higher courts setting a precedent for lower courts increase loyalty (distinct legal systems)?
Based on previous legal cases which can be adapted so creates sense of agreement and acceptance which increases loyalty
What are the 2 case studies for methods of governance influencing national identity/loyalty?
UK - democracy, governing party elected by pop. every 5 years
Russia - strong military image due to propaganda
How is the monarchy tied to national character which influences identity and loyalty?
Strong symbolism created which becomes part of national character so increased national identity, communities come together for events so increased cultural unity and loyalty
How many people worldwide tuned in to watch Harry and Meghan’s wedding (monarchy is tied to national character)?
1.9 billion
How is food and drink tied to national character which influences identity and loyalty?
Iconic food and drink becomes part of national character and diaspora spreads cultural awareness so strong sense of national character
What is the application for food and drink being tied to national character?
Fish and chips Friday tradition, able to get Sunday Roast in Spain
How are stamps and currency tied to national character which influences identity and loyalty?
Provide strong symbolism which becomes part of everyday life and influences + reflects national character which shapes identity as a nation and creates loyalty
What is the application for stamps and currency being tied to national character?
Queen’s head is on currency/stamps, UK kept the £ despite being in the EU (identity and loyalty)
How do TNCs pose a threat to national identity (foreign ownership)?
Previously British-owned brands have become less associated with national identity due to change in ownership, threatens ‘Made in Britain’ concept so could mean less national pride linked to brand so less of our national identity
Which US company now owns Cadbury’s and what % of components used to make a Jaguar Landrover are made in other countries before being assembled in the UK (TNC foreign ownership threatens national identity)?
Craft 2010, 50%
What is the linked evaluation for TNCs posing a threat to national identity (foreign ownership)?
National gov. considered more important as they determine significance of TNC in a country
Who enabled the privatisation of energy markets in the UK in the 1970s and how many of the big 6 energy providers are foreign-owned (TNCs pose a threat to national identity through foreign ownership evaluation)?
Margaret Thatcher, 4
How do TNCs pose a threat to national identity (westernisation)?
Outsourcing/offshoring creates greater awareness of westernised products so increases capitalist/consumerist behaviour so more use of homogeneous westernised brands so cultural erosion
Which US TNC threatens national identity through offshoring/outsourcing (westernisation)?
Apple
What is the linked evaluation for TNCs posing a threat to national identity (westernisation)?
TNCs don’t always cause westernisation because they use glocalisation which decreases cultural erosion and protects national identity
Which burger did McDonalds start producing in India as a form of glocalisation (TNCs threaten national identity through westernisation evaluation)?
McSpicy Paneer burger
How do TNCs pose a threat to national identity (language)?
Films often created in English language e.g. Disney and viewed on international scale so more exposure to language which threatens national identity
What is the linked evaluation for TNCs posing a threat to national identity (language)?
History was more significant e.g. colonialism in India
What is an impact of the foreign ownership of businesses (TNCs) in the UK?
TNCs likely to use transfer pricing as more profit in lower tax country so UK gov. receives less corp. tax revenue so smaller gov. budget so may cut spending on public services
What is the corp. tax in the UK compared to the Isle of Mann (impact of foreign ownership of businesses in UK)?
UK: 19%, Isle of Mann: 13%
What is an impact of foreign ownership of property in the UK?
Properties can be left vacant so less available for residents so less supply and increased price so locals pushed out of area and loss of community spirit so loss of national identity
What % of new property investments came from foreign investors in London in 2022 (impact of foreign ownership of property in UK)?
57%
When was the Scottish referendum on independence from the UK and what % of people voted to leave or stay (strong nationalist movements)?
2014, 45% leave UK, 55% stay in UK
How many councils in Scotland voted to stay in the EU during the 2016 EU referendum (strong nationalist movements)?
All of them
What are 3 reasons why modern nationalist movements have formed in Scotland?
- Pro EU so don’t want to be a part of the UK after Brexit
- Fear privatisation of the NHS
- UK gov. is more right of centre whilst Scottish voters tend to be left of centre so decisions made by Westminster less likely to reflect views of Scottish voters
What is the case study for globalisation creating an uneven distribution of wealth within a country (internal tensions within BRICs)?
Brazil
What was Brazil’s Gini coefficient in 2014 (internal tensions within BRICs)?
52 (high)
Why did internal tensions escalate in Brazil during the run up to the 2014 World Cup?
Large amounts of money spent on stadiums and associated infrastructure rather than being spent on development policies that could decrease Gini coefficient and improve living conditions
How many people were involved in the 2014 Brazil protests (internal tensions within BRICs)?
7 million (further political tensions)
Who replaced Rousseff in 2016 in Brazil and what do they support (internal tensions within BRICs)?
Bolsonaro, gave support to deforestation and anti-LGBTQ+ rights so further political tensions
What is the case study for globalisation and the growth of __ encouraging __ to extend their sphere of influence (internal tensions within BRICs)?
China
What did China do to exert more control over Hong Kong and what did it lead to (internal tensions within BRICs)?
Used Hong Kong Extraction Bill which led to pro-democracy riots in Hong Kong
Which law did China introduce in 2020 to gain more control (internal tensions within BRICs)?
New Security Law - crimes of subversion could be punished with life in prison
What is the case study for globalisation increasing migration and creating internal tensions within a BRIC?
Large scale immigration into India from Bangladesh/Pakistan
Why did increased migration into India cause internal tensions?
Due to the treatment of different religious groups in India (Hindu majority and Muslim minority)
What act did the Prime Minister of India introduce in 2019 and what did it mean (internal tensions within BRICs)?
Citizenship Amendment Act, led to tensions as gave many migrants a route to citizenship but excluded Muslims
After the Citizenship Amendment Act was introduced in India, what was it seen as, what did it cause, and how many people were killed (internal tensions within BRICs)?
Seen as an act of Hindu nationalism and patronage, caused Delhi riots, 53 killed
What is the case study for globalisation causing environmental damage?
Nigeria - Shell have operations in Gulf of Niger which have caused oil spills so view of gov. not doing enough to deter Shell from causing further environmental issues
What is the case study for globalisation reducing poverty?
Brazil - enabled gov. to introduce ‘Bolsa Familia Programme’ which paid low-income families if child was fully vaccinated and had good school attendance
What % of Brazil’s pop. was receiving money as part of the ‘Bolsa Familia Programme’ in 2011?
26%
What are the 2 causes of weak national identity (failed states)?
- Quality/type of governance
- Divisions between ethnic groups
What is the case study for the quality type of governance causing weak national identity (failed states)?
Syria - banking sectors privatised and sold below market price to friends and family of gov. so exemplifies patronage and nation not seen as a cohesive whole
What is the case study for divisions between ethnic groups causing weak national identity (failed states)?
Syria
What % of Syria’s pop. are Sunni and Alawites (failed states)?
Sunni: 65%, Alawite: 12%
Which ethnic group did the Assad regime pay patronage to in Syria (failed states)?
Alawite - other ethnic groups felt underrepresented so less legitimacy and conflict between gov. and rebel groups
