Migration 8B.1 - 8B.5 Flashcards
What is the case study for increased migration within a developing country?
China
How many people have moved from rural to urban areas within China (increased migration in developing country)?
300 million
What % of people are malnourished in rural areas of China (increased migration in developing country)?
18%
What % of people are malnourished in urban areas of China (increased migration in developing country)?
3%
What % of China’s total population is the urban population (increased migration in developing country)?
60%
What is the case study for increased migration within a developed country?
UK
When did the UK gov. deregulate capital markets and what was this called (increased migration in developed country)?
70s and 80s, ‘Big Bang Policy’
Where in the UK did the spiral of decline impact and where did the Big Bang Policy create jobs (increased migration in developed country)?
Spiral of decline: North
Created jobs: South e.g. London
What is the case study for political globalisation increasing migration between countries?
EU
How many members are part of the Schengen area (political globalisation increasing migration)?
22
How many people cross a Schengen border for work daily (political globalisation increasing migration)?
1.7 million
What are the 3 case studies for economic globalisation increasing migration between countries?
- Sahel - expansion of the Hadley Cell so increased drought
- Maldives - 2.3m above sea level
- Bangladesh - 3m above sea level
What is the linked evaluation for increased migration within a developing country (China)?
Hukou system - potential migrants need a permit to move to urban areas and permits are expensive
How much is a permit to migrate to Beijing from a rural area (increased migration in developing country evaluation)?
1/2 an average annual salary
What is the linked evaluation for increased migration within a developed country (UK)?
HS2 - will increase connectivity so people more likely to stay in the North where housing is more affordable
Why is there now an increased ability for people to work at home in the UK (increased migration in developed country evaluation)?
Post COVID-19 pandemic
What is the linked evaluation for political globalisation increasing migration between countries (EU)?
Brexit - less migration from UK to EU countries due to increased intervening obstacles
What is the linked evaluation for economic globalisation increasing migration between countries (Maldives)?
COP27 and IPCC - increased environmental awareness (supported by Kuznets Curve) so less environmental refugees
What are the 2 tiers of the Singapore 2-tier migration policy?
Liberal: skilled workers or ‘foreign talent’
Less liberal: less skilled workers or ‘foreign workers’
What can skilled workers migrating into Singapore gain in 2 years?
Residency
What are less skilled workers migrating into Singapore tested for?
HIV/pregnancy - if they test positive they are sent home
What kind of migration policy does Japan have?
Closed door
What % of Japan’s population are migrant workers?
2%
What is the pass rate for Japan’s citizenship test as part of its migration policy?
Less than 1%
Why did policy makers in Japan enforce the closed door policy?
Fear that increased migration would increase crime and decrease social cohesion
What % of migrants are accepted into Australia based on skills shortages?
70%
What % of migrants into Australia are aged under 40 and why is this important?
88%, offsets ageing population
What is the case study for recession causing decreased migration?
2008 financial crisis - first time global migration decreased since 1945
What is the case study for health scares decreasing migration?
COVID-19 pandemic - 27% less growth in migration than predicted
What is the case study for conflict within a country increasing migration?
Myanmar - patronage was paid to the Buddhist majority, targeted violence towards Rohingya people
What % of Rohingya people were classed as illegal immigrants in Myanmar (conflict within a country increasing migration)?
78%
How many Rohingya people fled from Myanmar and where to (conflict within a country increasing migration)?
1 million, Bangladesh
What is the case study for conflict between countries increasing migration?
Ukraine
In what year did Russia annex Crimea and how many Russians were sent over the Kerch Bridge to gain strategic advantage in their referendum (conflict between countries increasing migration)?
2014, 150,000 Russians
What year did the Russia-Ukraine conflict escalate and why (conflict between countries increasing migration)?
2022, Russia feared that Ukraine would join NATO
How many Ukrainian refugees currently exist (conflict between countries increasing migration)?
8 million
What is the case study for the loss of legitimacy of gov. within a country increasing migration?
Arab Springs
When did the Arab Springs uprising start and why (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?
2010, mass revolution from younger generations against the ruling elite in the MENA region
What is an example of an opposing force against governments in the MENA region (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?
Free Syrian army
Why did illegal immigration increase from MENA region to EU countries as a result (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?
Led to civil war and the threat of loss of life
How many migrants had crossed the Mediterranean from MENA countries to EU countries by 2015 (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?
1 million
What is the case study for why the flow of labour is often unrestricted within countries?
UK - skills gaps are filled, increased productivity and output, growth in economy
What is the case study for media in the source country increasing migration?
Tunisia - younger generation have access to technology so filmed and uploaded protests (#arabspring), news of protests spread rapidly through MENA region which sparked protests in other countries, pace and scale of migration increased due to flows of info
What is the application for media in the destination country increasing migration?
Images of migrants making dangerous journeys across Mediterranean seen by those in the EU and spread using hashtag #refugeeswelcome, put political pressure on govs. to adopt more open door policy towards refugees
What is the case study for increasing floods due to global warming increasing migration?
2022 Pakistan floods
What fraction of Pakistan was underwater and how many refugees were there as a result of the 2022 floods (increasing floods increasing migration)?
1/3 of country underwater, 10 million refugees
What is the case study for increasing droughts increasing migration?
Syria
What % of livestock died in Syria as a result of increased drought and how many rural families had to migrate (increasing drought increasing migration)?
85%, 300,000 rural families
What is the case study for increasing sea level rise increasing migration?
Maldives
What is the application for increased MENA migration leading to a closed door approach to migration?
Some EU countries pay African nations such as Algeria to increase their coast guard policies
What is the case study for consequences of migration?
USA + Mexico (and the EU)
Which country has more immigrants than any other country (consequences of migration)?
USA
What % of the USA’s immigrants are from Mexico (consequences of migration)?
25%
What % of US residents think migrants strengthen the country (consequences of migration)?
66%
What % of US residents think migrants burden the country (consequences of migration)?
24%
What contrasting opinions do residents in the USA have about migrants (economic)?
Positive: Contribute to economic growth as they work in key industries
Negative: They are being exploited or ‘taking jobs from Americans’
What is the application for migration into the USA from Mexico causing cultural changes?
More series in Spanish now on Netflix - some fear Spanish will replace English
What proportion of the USA’s population is Hispanic and why could this be a positive (demographic)?
1/5, could offset ageing pop.
Why do some US residents view Mexican immigration as a negative (social)?
Believe it is associated with drug smuggling
What % of Democrats (Obama) believe migrants strengthen the USA?
88%
What % of Republicans (Trump) believe migrants strengthen the USA?
41%
What % of Democrats (Obama) believe migrants burden the USA?
8%
What % of Republicans (Trump) believe migrants burden the USA?
44%
What is a negative social perception of migration?
Increased demand for services such as healthcare/education so gov. budget spread across a larger population so perception that less will be spent on domestic residents so more anti-migrant sentiments
What is the application for negative social perceptions of migration?
Brexit
What is a negative economic perception of migration?
Increased job competition so downward pressure on wages due to larger labour pool so perception that this is contributing to low incomes + unemployment in domestic pop.
What is a negative cultural perception of migration?
(Mexico-US case study)
What is a negative demographic perception of migration?
Loss of working age pop. in source country so brain and braun drain so businesses aren’t as productive so spiral of decline
What is a positive social perception of migration?
More contribution to the tax base
What is the application for positive social perceptions of migration?
In 2016 the average adult EU migrant contributed more to the tax base than the average UK citizen
What is a positive economic perception of migration?
Migrants fill labour shortages
What is the application for positive economic perceptions of migration?
26% doctors in the UK are foreign nationals - hospital waiting lists can be reduced which allows businesses to be more productive (neoliberal economic theory)
What is a positive demographic perception of migration?
Migrants tend to be younger which offsets ageing pop. and reduces issues surrounding dependancy ratio
What is the application for positive demographic perceptions of migration?
In 2018 73% of EU migrants were of working age
What are the 2 case studies for linguistic unity?
Iceland and Singapore
What is Iceland one of (linguistic unity)?
One of the most Northernmost inhabited places on the planet - physically isolated so less migration
How has Iceland developed a homogeneous pop. with a strong culture (application)?
Official language is Icelandic which is ranked as a difficult language to learn - difficult for migrants to fully assimilate so less migration
What % of Iceland’s GDP does tourism account for (LE)?
10% - more provisions to meet tourist needs so cultural erosion in terms of range of food and increased use of English language
What is Singapore (application) and why does this increase migration?
3rd largest financial hub, provides huge pull factors and creates melting pot culture
How many official languages does Singapore have (linguistic unity)?
4 official languages used to form Singlish - creates sense of unity and allows increased social interactions so easier for migrants to assimilate
What did Singapore’s gov. do in 2000 (linguistic unity)?
Launched ‘Speak Good English’ movement with the intention of eradicating Singlish
How does Iceland display strong cultural unity?
Physically isolated and fish is in abundance so became main source of food so cultural unity shown through food
Why did the addition of McDonald’s in Iceland fail (cultural unity)?
Exporting beef to Iceland too expensive and demand was too low
How has Singapore achieved cultural unity?
Embraced diversity as a part of its culture
What is Singapore one of the busiest of (cultural unity)?
Ports
What % of Singapore’s pop. are migrants (cultural unity)?
40%
What did the Singapore gov. do to create peace after the 1964 race riots (cultural unity)?
Encouraged citizens to celebrate diversity as part of Singapore’s culture through ‘Racial Harmony Day’ - created unity between citizens
What is the application for physical borders (mountains)?
Pyrenees mountains
What is the application for physical borders (seas/oceans)?
English Channel and high visibility from Cliffs of Dover
What is the application for physical borders (rivers)?
Rhine
What is the case study for post-colonial borders?
Rwanda
Why do post-colonial borders lead to multiple ethnic groupings within the border?
Designed due to resource allocation rather than considerations of varied ethnic groups
What % of Rwanda’s population were Hutus and Tutsis (post-colonial borders)?
Hutu: 85% Tutsi: 14%
Who was given control of Rwanda after the German colonial rule and who did they favour (post-colonial borders)?
Belgium, favoured Tutsi minority and paid patronage to them
What year were the Hutu riots following Belgium taking control of Rwanda (post-colonial borders)?
1959
What year did Rwanda gain independence and who did Belgium leave in charge (post-colonial borders)?
1962, left Tutsi gov. in charge
Who was the Tutsi gov. overthrown by and why (post-colonial borders)?
Hutu gov., not seen as legitimate
What year was the Hutu president’s plane shot down and what did this act as a catalyst for (post-colonial borders)?
1994, catalyst for genocide of Tutsis
How many Tutsis were killed in the Rwandan genocide (post-colonial borders)?
800,000
What was the Rwandan genocide made worse by (post-colonial borders)?
Lack of intervention from UN peacekeepers
What is the linked evaluation for the Rwanda case study (post-colonial borders)?
Significant reputational damage done on an international scale so unlikely to happen again and Rwanda now has some of the strictest anti-corruption rules
What is the application for the Rwanda linked evaluation (post-colonial borders)?
Rwanda trusted by core nations such as the UK who set up the Migration and Economic Development Pact partnership
What are the 2 case studies for contested borders?
Crimea and Taiwan
What happened in 2014 which catalysed Russia to question the legitimacy of the Crimean border (contested borders)?
Election of a pro-European president in Ukraine
What % of Crimea’s pop. voted to rejoin Russia (contested borders)?
95% - widely held as being an illegal vote
When did it escalate into a full-scale conflict between Russia and Ukraine (contested borders)?
February 2022
What does China claim Taiwan as part of and how is Taiwan actually ran (contested borders)?
Their ‘One China’ policy but Taiwan is currently run autonomously
Under what circumstances did China say they will enforce the ‘One China’ policy (contested borders)?
If Taiwan officially claimed independence
What proportion of nations recognise Taiwan as a nation state (contested borders)?
13/193 - further uncertainties could escalate into conflict
