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Geography > Migration 8B.1 - 8B.5 > Flashcards

Migration 8B.1 - 8B.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the case study for increased migration within a developing country?

A

China

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2
Q

How many people have moved from rural to urban areas within China (increased migration in developing country)?

A

300 million

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3
Q

What % of people are malnourished in rural areas of China (increased migration in developing country)?

A

18%

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4
Q

What % of people are malnourished in urban areas of China (increased migration in developing country)?

A

3%

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5
Q

What % of China’s total population is the urban population (increased migration in developing country)?

A

60%

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6
Q

What is the case study for increased migration within a developed country?

A

UK

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7
Q

When did the UK gov. deregulate capital markets and what was this called (increased migration in developed country)?

A

70s and 80s, ‘Big Bang Policy’

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8
Q

Where in the UK did the spiral of decline impact and where did the Big Bang Policy create jobs (increased migration in developed country)?

A

Spiral of decline: North
Created jobs: South e.g. London

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9
Q

What is the case study for political globalisation increasing migration between countries?

A

EU

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10
Q

How many members are part of the Schengen area (political globalisation increasing migration)?

A

22

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11
Q

How many people cross a Schengen border for work daily (political globalisation increasing migration)?

A

1.7 million

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12
Q

What are the 3 case studies for economic globalisation increasing migration between countries?

A
  1. Sahel - expansion of the Hadley Cell so increased drought
  2. Maldives - 2.3m above sea level
  3. Bangladesh - 3m above sea level
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13
Q

What is the linked evaluation for increased migration within a developing country (China)?

A

Hukou system - potential migrants need a permit to move to urban areas and permits are expensive

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14
Q

How much is a permit to migrate to Beijing from a rural area (increased migration in developing country evaluation)?

A

1/2 an average annual salary

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15
Q

What is the linked evaluation for increased migration within a developed country (UK)?

A

HS2 - will increase connectivity so people more likely to stay in the North where housing is more affordable

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16
Q

Why is there now an increased ability for people to work at home in the UK (increased migration in developed country evaluation)?

A

Post COVID-19 pandemic

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17
Q

What is the linked evaluation for political globalisation increasing migration between countries (EU)?

A

Brexit - less migration from UK to EU countries due to increased intervening obstacles

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18
Q

What is the linked evaluation for economic globalisation increasing migration between countries (Maldives)?

A

COP27 and IPCC - increased environmental awareness (supported by Kuznets Curve) so less environmental refugees

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19
Q

What are the 2 tiers of the Singapore 2-tier migration policy?

A

Liberal: skilled workers or ‘foreign talent’
Less liberal: less skilled workers or ‘foreign workers’

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20
Q

What can skilled workers migrating into Singapore gain in 2 years?

A

Residency

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21
Q

What are less skilled workers migrating into Singapore tested for?

A

HIV/pregnancy - if they test positive they are sent home

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22
Q

What kind of migration policy does Japan have?

A

Closed door

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23
Q

What % of Japan’s population are migrant workers?

A

2%

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24
Q

What is the pass rate for Japan’s citizenship test as part of its migration policy?

A

Less than 1%

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25
Q

Why did policy makers in Japan enforce the closed door policy?

A

Fear that increased migration would increase crime and decrease social cohesion

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26
Q

What % of migrants are accepted into Australia based on skills shortages?

A

70%

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27
Q

What % of migrants into Australia are aged under 40 and why is this important?

A

88%, offsets ageing population

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28
Q

What is the case study for recession causing decreased migration?

A

2008 financial crisis - first time global migration decreased since 1945

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29
Q

What is the case study for health scares decreasing migration?

A

COVID-19 pandemic - 27% less growth in migration than predicted

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30
Q

What is the case study for conflict within a country increasing migration?

A

Myanmar - patronage was paid to the Buddhist majority, targeted violence towards Rohingya people

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31
Q

What % of Rohingya people were classed as illegal immigrants in Myanmar (conflict within a country increasing migration)?

A

78%

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32
Q

How many Rohingya people fled from Myanmar and where to (conflict within a country increasing migration)?

A

1 million, Bangladesh

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33
Q

What is the case study for conflict between countries increasing migration?

A

Ukraine

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34
Q

In what year did Russia annex Crimea and how many Russians were sent over the Kerch Bridge to gain strategic advantage in their referendum (conflict between countries increasing migration)?

A

2014, 150,000 Russians

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35
Q

What year did the Russia-Ukraine conflict escalate and why (conflict between countries increasing migration)?

A

2022, Russia feared that Ukraine would join NATO

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36
Q

How many Ukrainian refugees currently exist (conflict between countries increasing migration)?

A

8 million

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37
Q

What is the case study for the loss of legitimacy of gov. within a country increasing migration?

A

Arab Springs

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38
Q

When did the Arab Springs uprising start and why (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?

A

2010, mass revolution from younger generations against the ruling elite in the MENA region

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39
Q

What is an example of an opposing force against governments in the MENA region (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?

A

Free Syrian army

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40
Q

Why did illegal immigration increase from MENA region to EU countries as a result (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?

A

Led to civil war and the threat of loss of life

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41
Q

How many migrants had crossed the Mediterranean from MENA countries to EU countries by 2015 (loss of legitimacy of gov. increasing migration)?

A

1 million

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42
Q

What is the case study for why the flow of labour is often unrestricted within countries?

A

UK - skills gaps are filled, increased productivity and output, growth in economy

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43
Q

What is the case study for media in the source country increasing migration?

A

Tunisia - younger generation have access to technology so filmed and uploaded protests (#arabspring), news of protests spread rapidly through MENA region which sparked protests in other countries, pace and scale of migration increased due to flows of info

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44
Q

What is the application for media in the destination country increasing migration?

A

Images of migrants making dangerous journeys across Mediterranean seen by those in the EU and spread using hashtag #refugeeswelcome, put political pressure on govs. to adopt more open door policy towards refugees

45
Q

What is the case study for increasing floods due to global warming increasing migration?

A

2022 Pakistan floods

46
Q

What fraction of Pakistan was underwater and how many refugees were there as a result of the 2022 floods (increasing floods increasing migration)?

A

1/3 of country underwater, 10 million refugees

47
Q

What is the case study for increasing droughts increasing migration?

A

Syria

48
Q

What % of livestock died in Syria as a result of increased drought and how many rural families had to migrate (increasing drought increasing migration)?

A

85%, 300,000 rural families

49
Q

What is the case study for increasing sea level rise increasing migration?

A

Maldives

50
Q

What is the application for increased MENA migration leading to a closed door approach to migration?

A

Some EU countries pay African nations such as Algeria to increase their coast guard policies

51
Q

What is the case study for consequences of migration?

A

USA + Mexico (and the EU)

52
Q

Which country has more immigrants than any other country (consequences of migration)?

A

USA

53
Q

What % of the USA’s immigrants are from Mexico (consequences of migration)?

A

25%

54
Q

What % of US residents think migrants strengthen the country (consequences of migration)?

A

66%

55
Q

What % of US residents think migrants burden the country (consequences of migration)?

A

24%

56
Q

What contrasting opinions do residents in the USA have about migrants (economic)?

A

Positive: Contribute to economic growth as they work in key industries
Negative: They are being exploited or ‘taking jobs from Americans’

57
Q

What is the application for migration into the USA from Mexico causing cultural changes?

A

More series in Spanish now on Netflix - some fear Spanish will replace English

58
Q

What proportion of the USA’s population is Hispanic and why could this be a positive (demographic)?

A

1/5, could offset ageing pop.

59
Q

Why do some US residents view Mexican immigration as a negative (social)?

A

Believe it is associated with drug smuggling

60
Q

What % of Democrats (Obama) believe migrants strengthen the USA?

A

88%

61
Q

What % of Republicans (Trump) believe migrants strengthen the USA?

A

41%

62
Q

What % of Democrats (Obama) believe migrants burden the USA?

A

8%

63
Q

What % of Republicans (Trump) believe migrants burden the USA?

A

44%

64
Q

What is a negative social perception of migration?

A

Increased demand for services such as healthcare/education so gov. budget spread across a larger population so perception that less will be spent on domestic residents so more anti-migrant sentiments

65
Q

What is the application for negative social perceptions of migration?

A

Brexit

66
Q

What is a negative economic perception of migration?

A

Increased job competition so downward pressure on wages due to larger labour pool so perception that this is contributing to low incomes + unemployment in domestic pop.

67
Q

What is a negative cultural perception of migration?

A

(Mexico-US case study)

68
Q

What is a negative demographic perception of migration?

A

Loss of working age pop. in source country so brain and braun drain so businesses aren’t as productive so spiral of decline

69
Q

What is a positive social perception of migration?

A

More contribution to the tax base

70
Q

What is the application for positive social perceptions of migration?

A

In 2016 the average adult EU migrant contributed more to the tax base than the average UK citizen

71
Q

What is a positive economic perception of migration?

A

Migrants fill labour shortages

72
Q

What is the application for positive economic perceptions of migration?

A

26% doctors in the UK are foreign nationals - hospital waiting lists can be reduced which allows businesses to be more productive (neoliberal economic theory)

73
Q

What is a positive demographic perception of migration?

A

Migrants tend to be younger which offsets ageing pop. and reduces issues surrounding dependancy ratio

74
Q

What is the application for positive demographic perceptions of migration?

A

In 2018 73% of EU migrants were of working age

75
Q

What are the 2 case studies for linguistic unity?

A

Iceland and Singapore

76
Q

What is Iceland one of (linguistic unity)?

A

One of the most Northernmost inhabited places on the planet - physically isolated so less migration

77
Q

How has Iceland developed a homogeneous pop. with a strong culture (application)?

A

Official language is Icelandic which is ranked as a difficult language to learn - difficult for migrants to fully assimilate so less migration

78
Q

What % of Iceland’s GDP does tourism account for (LE)?

A

10% - more provisions to meet tourist needs so cultural erosion in terms of range of food and increased use of English language

79
Q

What is Singapore (application) and why does this increase migration?

A

3rd largest financial hub, provides huge pull factors and creates melting pot culture

80
Q

How many official languages does Singapore have (linguistic unity)?

A

4 official languages used to form Singlish - creates sense of unity and allows increased social interactions so easier for migrants to assimilate

81
Q

What did Singapore’s gov. do in 2000 (linguistic unity)?

A

Launched ‘Speak Good English’ movement with the intention of eradicating Singlish

82
Q

How does Iceland display strong cultural unity?

A

Physically isolated and fish is in abundance so became main source of food so cultural unity shown through food

83
Q

Why did the addition of McDonald’s in Iceland fail (cultural unity)?

A

Exporting beef to Iceland too expensive and demand was too low

84
Q

How has Singapore achieved cultural unity?

A

Embraced diversity as a part of its culture

85
Q

What is Singapore one of the busiest of (cultural unity)?

A

Ports

86
Q

What % of Singapore’s pop. are migrants (cultural unity)?

A

40%

87
Q

What did the Singapore gov. do to create peace after the 1964 race riots (cultural unity)?

A

Encouraged citizens to celebrate diversity as part of Singapore’s culture through ‘Racial Harmony Day’ - created unity between citizens

88
Q

What is the application for physical borders (mountains)?

A

Pyrenees mountains

89
Q

What is the application for physical borders (seas/oceans)?

A

English Channel and high visibility from Cliffs of Dover

90
Q

What is the application for physical borders (rivers)?

A

Rhine

91
Q

What is the case study for post-colonial borders?

A

Rwanda

92
Q

Why do post-colonial borders lead to multiple ethnic groupings within the border?

A

Designed due to resource allocation rather than considerations of varied ethnic groups

93
Q

What % of Rwanda’s population were Hutus and Tutsis (post-colonial borders)?

A

Hutu: 85% Tutsi: 14%

94
Q

Who was given control of Rwanda after the German colonial rule and who did they favour (post-colonial borders)?

A

Belgium, favoured Tutsi minority and paid patronage to them

95
Q

What year were the Hutu riots following Belgium taking control of Rwanda (post-colonial borders)?

A

1959

96
Q

What year did Rwanda gain independence and who did Belgium leave in charge (post-colonial borders)?

A

1962, left Tutsi gov. in charge

97
Q

Who was the Tutsi gov. overthrown by and why (post-colonial borders)?

A

Hutu gov., not seen as legitimate

98
Q

What year was the Hutu president’s plane shot down and what did this act as a catalyst for (post-colonial borders)?

A

1994, catalyst for genocide of Tutsis

99
Q

How many Tutsis were killed in the Rwandan genocide (post-colonial borders)?

A

800,000

100
Q

What was the Rwandan genocide made worse by (post-colonial borders)?

A

Lack of intervention from UN peacekeepers

101
Q

What is the linked evaluation for the Rwanda case study (post-colonial borders)?

A

Significant reputational damage done on an international scale so unlikely to happen again and Rwanda now has some of the strictest anti-corruption rules

102
Q

What is the application for the Rwanda linked evaluation (post-colonial borders)?

A

Rwanda trusted by core nations such as the UK who set up the Migration and Economic Development Pact partnership

103
Q

What are the 2 case studies for contested borders?

A

Crimea and Taiwan

104
Q

What happened in 2014 which catalysed Russia to question the legitimacy of the Crimean border (contested borders)?

A

Election of a pro-European president in Ukraine

105
Q

What % of Crimea’s pop. voted to rejoin Russia (contested borders)?

A

95% - widely held as being an illegal vote

106
Q

When did it escalate into a full-scale conflict between Russia and Ukraine (contested borders)?

A

February 2022

107
Q

What does China claim Taiwan as part of and how is Taiwan actually ran (contested borders)?

A

Their ‘One China’ policy but Taiwan is currently run autonomously

108
Q

Under what circumstances did China say they will enforce the ‘One China’ policy (contested borders)?

A

If Taiwan officially claimed independence

109
Q

What proportion of nations recognise Taiwan as a nation state (contested borders)?

A

13/193 - further uncertainties could escalate into conflict

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