Globalisation Flashcards
Describe shrinking world theory
Travel times decrease due to technological innovation, places feel closer together than they did in the past, reduced ‘friction of distance’ so increase in flows of goods and people between countries
What % of trade takes place via containerships?
95%
How has containerisation accelerated globalisation?
Intermodal containers means that containers are standardised which decreases cost and increases efficiency so increased sales and interdependency
What is the linked evaluation for containerisation accelerating globalisation?
Containerships are reliant on specific trade routes
Which containership became stuck in what canal, how many containerships were blocked, and how much did it cost a day?
March 2021 Evergreen ship in Suez Canal, 370 containerships blocked, cost $9 billion/day - severe disruption of global trade
How long did it take to travel around the globe in the 1700s compared to now?
1700s: 2 years
Now: 31 hours
How has air travel accelerated globalisation (includes app.)?
Decreased costs of air travel (e.g. EasyJet cheap package holidays) increased tourism and flows of people between countries
What % of CO2 emissions are produced by the aviation industry and what is an example of a pressure group that wants to limit air travel?
12%, Extinction Rebellion
What % of data is transferred via fibre optic cables and at what speed?
99%, at the speed of light
What is the linked evaluation for fibre optic cables accelerating globalisation?
Some countries are ‘shut off’ from globalisation e.g. North Korea
What are SEZs?
Areas within a country that have special economic conditions and are often coastal to benefit from the 95% of trade that happens via containership
What is the case study for SEZs?
Shenzhen, China
How large is Shenzhen’s economy and how many people have been alleviated from poverty in China since Shenzhen became an SEZ?
2nd largest in the world, 400 million
What is the linked evaluation for Shenzhen?
High rate of depression and suicide due to working conditions inside Foxconn factory where iPhones are produced, consumers are growing more aware of inequalities
What does the KOF Index measure?
How globalised COUNTRIES are in terms of economic (FDI), political (foreign embassies), and social (internet users) factors
Which country scores low on the KOF Index and which country scores high?
Low: US - high levels of internal trade
High: Switzerland - must embrace globalisation to survive
What is the evaluation for the KOF Index?
True size of informal economies cannot be known but trade of illegal goods increases integration of global economies
What does the AT Kearney Index measure?
How globalised CITIES are in terms of economic (FDI), personal (remittances), social (internet users), political (embassies), and cultural (museums)
What were the top 5 cities on the AT Kearney Index in 2021?
New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, LA
What is the evaluation for the AT Kearney Index?
Only 64 countries are included which may not be representative
What are global production networks?
When large corporations establish outsourcing partnerships and can avoid tariffs if source with the EU
What is the application for global production networks?
BMW has 2,500 suppliers who provide parts to assemble a BMW mini
What is the evaluation for global production networks?
Key contributors to climate change
How much carbon does the transportation of 1 T-shirt produce before departing Cambodia for the UK?
63g
What is glocalisation?
Changing the design of products using localising strategies to meet different tastes - used to conquer new markets
What is the application for glocalisation?
McDonald’s introduced McSpicy Paneer burger in India
What is the case study for a country being ‘switched off’ from globalisation (political)?
North Korea
Why is North Korea ‘switched off’ from globalisation?
Political elite isolated population so aren’t connected via submarine cables and only have state-controlled intranet
What is the state-controlled intranet called in North Korea?
Kwangmyong
What is the evaluation for North Korea being ‘switched off’ from globalisation because of lack of access to internet?
Switched off from globalisation due to economic sanctions
Why did North Korea receive economic sanctions and what % of North Korea’s international trade does China account for?
North Korea was testing nuclear weapons in 2013 and 2016 without permission from UN so imports into North Korea were banned, 90%
What is global shift?
Relocation of the economic centre of gravity from the West to Asian countries
Which country is a winner of the global shift and what did their 1978 Open Door Policy lead to the creation of which led to a positive multiplier effect?
China, SEZs
How many people in China have escaped poverty since 1990?
500 million
Where was China ranked in the OECD Pisa test 2018?
1st globally for science, maths, and reading
Since 2000, how much has car ownership in China increased by?
Increased from 1 in 100 families to 1 in 5 families (releases PM 2.5)
What % of global coal consumption does China account for?
51%
How many people does China’s Airpocalypse kill every year?
350,000-500,000
Which country does China secure metals and minerals such as cobalt from and how old are the children who work in the artisanal mines there?
DRC, as young as 7
How much are the techno-elite in India earning per week?
$40-50/week
What % of people in the Dharavi slums use communal water?
80%
Where did outsourcing of car production begin instead of being produced in the USA?
Canada and Mexico
What proportion of Detroit’s population left during the spiral of decline and what was this known as?
1/3, ‘white flight’
What is a global hub and what is an example?
Region that has become a focal point for trade, business, research, or governance e.g. Mumbai
What is Golden Arches Theory?
No 2 countries that have McDonald’s will go to war due to the interdependence of economies
When were economic sanctions put on Russia after the invasion of Ukraine and how many McDonald’s franchises closed as a result?
March 2022, 850 franchises closed - less flow of capital and less interdependence
How do TNCs influence global culture and what is an example?
Produce ‘uniform’ goods which shape culture and increase demand through advertising which promotes capitalism/consumerism, outsourcing meets demand, increased incomes to afford goods e.g. iPhones, Apple plans iPhone obsolescence
What is the linked evaluation for TNCs influencing global culture?
Engage in glocalisation to cater for local cultures e.g. McSpicy Paneer in India
How does global media influence global culture?
Western ideals enforced through media and shared through representation in films
How much does Disney make annually and what do their films and images portray (global media influencing global culture)?
$220 billion, classic Western heroes and princesses
What is the linked evaluation for global media influencing global culture?
Eastern influences on western/global culture have increased
What is the application for Eastern influences on global culture increasing (linked evaluation for global media influencing global culture)?
Squid Game became the most watched Netflix TV show ever - produced in Korea
What is the case study for increasing consumerism having environmental consequences?
Meatification in China
What is the case study for increasing consumerism having social consequences (cultural erosion for indigenous people)?
Papua New Guinea
What % of Papua New Guinea’s population live a self-sustainable lifestyle with no access to global capital (cultural erosion)?
40%
How many tonnes of second-hand clothes did New Zealand export to Papua New Guinea in 2019 due to waste from fast fashion (cultural erosion)?
6,500 tonnes - leads to cultural globalisation as introduced to mainstream clothing so cultural erosion of specialist knowledge of lifestyles
What is the linked evaluation for increasing consumerism having social consequences (cultural erosion)?
In 2021 Motorola added 2 Indigenous languages to its options which preserved Indigenous languages and culture in Brazil
What is anti-globalisation?
Governments take protective measures against social and cultural erosion
What % of TV output in France must be in French (anti-globalisation)?
40%
What is the name of the firewall in China that prevents internet users from using globally influential websites e.g. BBC (anti-globalisation)?
Great firewall of China
What is the case study for globalisation decreasing absolute poverty?
China
Which Chinese policy has allowed China to transition from the primary to secondary sector (globalisation reducing absolute poverty)?
Open Door Policy 1978
What has the increase in income per capita been in China and how many have escaped absolute poverty (globalisation reducing absolute poverty)?
$300 to $7,500, 600 million - wider tax base so reinvestments into social development
What was China’s increase in HDI from 1990 to 2021 (globalisation reducing absolute poverty)?
0.5 in 1990 to 0.76 in 2021
What is the linked evaluation for globalisation reducing absolute poverty?
Globalisation has increased relative poverty
What statistic was given by Oxfam that supports globalisation increasing relative poverty?
26 of the world’s richest people own as much as the world’s poorest 50%
How has globalisation increased relative poverty?
Increase in privatisation increased average standard of living but average wage remains the same
What has the UK’s Gini coefficient risen to since 1970 (globalisation increasing relative poverty)?
25 to 34 since 1970
How has globalisation decreased gender inequality?
Increase in flows of people and info so women are challenging societal norms to embrace educational and career challenges
What was the name of the online marketplace created by the Indian gov. and what was it designed to do (globalisation reducing gender inequality)?
Mahila-e-haat, designed to promote female entrepreneurs so increased labour force participation
What is the linked evaluation for globalisation reducing gender inequality?
Traditional societal norms limit the reduction of gender inequalities by globalisation
What % of female ICT/STEM graduates does Belgium have despite scoring highly on the GGII?
6% - less educational attainment due to traditional stereotypes around engineering and ICT
What are the 3 ways countries have tried to control globalisation?
- Censorship e.g. North Korea Kwangmyong intranet
- Protectionism e.g. tariffs/quotas
- Controlling migration e.g. Japan Citizenship Test - less than 1% pass rate
Why was there environmental opposition from the Wildsight pressure group against the Jumbo Wild development?
Disturbance to wildlife, especially grizzly bears whose habitats would be destroyed and could be killed due to safety concerns
What is the case study for conflict over the acquisition of resources?
Mekong River (could also talk about River Nile)
Why is there conflict over damming the Mekong River?
China and Thailand benefit from HEP provided by the dam for economic development but Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia will suffer from displacement or reduced flow of water downstream
What % of Laos’ population depends on the Mekong River for agriculture?
90%
What is an economic benefit and cost of local sourcing?
Benefit: supports local economy
Cost: smaller scale production may increase costs and prices
What is a social benefit and cost of local sourcing?
Benefit: quality could be higher due to less delay in transportation
Cost: not all items are available all year round
What is an environmental benefit and cost of local sourcing?
Benefit: lower carbon emissions from food transport as less food miles
Cost: additional small journeys to multiple farm shops may offset some of the loss in transport emissions
What is the aim of Fairtrade (increasing sustainability)?
Guaranteeing a higher income for farmers and producers and ensures products are produced ethically
When did Starbucks serve its first Fairtrade coffee?
2009
What is the linked evaluation for Fairtrade?
The cost of Fairtrade certification means that Fairtrade doesn’t target the ‘poorest farmers’ (increased income for producer only just recoups cost of a Fairtrade Certification)
What is ethical consumption (increasing sustainability)?
Deliberate choice of products produced under Fairtrade organic or cruelty-free terms
What is the application for ethical consumption?
M&S now only sells Fairtrade teas and coffees
What is the linked evaluation for ethical consumption?
Buying organic destroys more forests (less use of fertilisers/pesticides means more land is needed to produce same amount)
What is recycling (increasing sustainability)?
Lowering environmental costs by reducing landfill and demand for raw materials
What is the application for recycling?
In 2001 79% of household waste was sent to landfill but fell to 31% by 2014
What is the linked evaluation for recycling?
High carbon footprint of recycled materials emissions as energy is required to treat waste and transport it to recycling sites
