Migration. Flashcards

Question

What are the two main reasons for the close relationship between migration and international development?

Answer 1

- **1)**: Migration can contribute to economic development by providing workforce and new skills, and also inducing the multiplier effect. - **2)** Inequalities in level of development generates the movement of people seeking a better lifestyle

Answer 2

- Migrant remittances are salient for socio-economic development in EDCs and LIDCs. - Remittance payments can contribute a large proportion of a country's GDP; also boosting the spending power of families who receive these. - In LIDCs and EDCs, remittances represent a higher proportion of GDP, so are of greater significance to their economy and development under the HDI. - In Haiti, remittance is 37.1% of GDP.

Answer 3

Remittances are affected by restrictive immigration policies of developed country and costs of travel, including payment to traffickers.

Answer 4

- People - Money - Ideas and technology

Answer 5

- Monetary transfers are evident in the billions of dollars sent worldwide as *migrant remittances*. - Remittances have been facilitated as flows of money have been made easier, more efficient and secure with technology (such as mobile transfer). - These promote development in the country of origin due to distributing money to the family - improving their spending power which ultimately enters the national economy in the multiplier effect.

Answer 6

- Global migration leads to the geographical diffusion of ideas, information and values that are transmitted back to the place of origin. - Values include: family size, education and marriage, referred to as *social remittances* - Information from education and work can be transmitted back, such as medical ideas - improving services in the origin. - Values such as democracy and norms of behaviour can flow from one country to another through use of social media or when migrants return.

Answer 7

- Stability: The state of being stable and secure in multiple aspects. - Growth: an increase in wealth of a country - Development: The improvement of standard of living and quality of life.

Answer 8

- **Country of origin** - Migrant remittances act as a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to the economic stability of the recipient country. - Returning migrants bring along social remittances, such as ideas and values including democracy and equality, contributing to peace building and conflict resolution. (political stability) - **Host country** - Youthful migrants can balance the population structure of a previously aging host country.

Answer 9

- **Country of origin** - Migrant remittances can supplement household income, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment and stimulate the multiplier effect in the country of origin - **Host country** - The GDP and tax base of a host nation is boosted by working migrants - Migrants act as consumers themselves, stimulating the local economies in a host country - even opening up new markets in demand for food, music, clothing etc... - Migrants can fill skill gaps and labor shortages, providing cheaper labor. - Migrants in reproductive age groups means an increase in birth rates and population growth - expanding the youthful population in the host country.

Answer 10

- **Country of origin** - Skills and knowledge gained by returning migrants can be of benefit to countries of origin in terms of development. - Migrants create networks with ease flows of skills, financial resources, values and ideas through links to diaspora associations. - In the country of origin, migration can reduce pressure on food. water, energy resources and health services - also creating a decline in unemployment. - **Host country** - Organizations such as the UN have 'migration and development projects' which partner countries providing and receiving migrants in socio-economic development projects.

Answer 11

- Inequalities - Conflicts - Injustices

Answer 12

- Inequalities: differences in access to resources, opportunities or quality of life - Conflict: disagreements or tension that can lead to unrest or violence - Injustices: unfair treatment or violation of rights

Answer 13

- Countries of origin lose a proportion of young, vibrant and the fittest element of the labor force; this can contribute to downward economic spiral at local, regional and national scales. - The better educated individuals often migrate - creating a *brain-drain* effect and loss of human resources in country of origin - International migration has a demographic selectiveness, so there is redistribution of reproductive age populations; this influences crude birth rate in countries of origin (decline) and increase at destination. - Migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those who do not

Answer 14

- Social conflict can develop between host countries and 'new comers'; people of particular cultures or ethnic origin may find difficulty integrating due to language or practices - Immigrant populations, if concentrated in specific areas, can place pressure on service provision such as education, health and housing in the host country. - International borders can be areas of conflict for border control authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants.

Answer 15

- Migrants are more vulnerable to violation of their human rights as a result of forced labor, exploitation of women and children and human trafficking. - Treatment of asylum seekers can include being held in detention centers, not being allowed to work, and being supported on meagre financial resources for food, sanitation and clothing in the duration of their application. - The plight of refugees in terms of shelter, food, water, medicines and safety is of concern - including the possibility of return to country of origin where risks are high.

Answer 16

- Human rights violations in detention camps for Myanmar refugees on the Thai-Malaysian border - The new fence and high-tech surveillance at the Bulgaria-Turkey border - Refugee camps at Calais

Answer 17

- **Unequal** flows of people, money, ideas and technology

Answer 18

- Globally, there is a dominant South-North and South-South migration

Answer 19

- Through recent changing global economic changes at different scales - These scales are: inter-regional, intra-regional and internal migration?

Answer 20

The number of people born in a country other than that in which they live

Answer 21

- Migration of highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil have destinations such as the USA - including graduates in science, mathematics and technology, as well as those in business services attracted by high salaries and quality of life - There is migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal to oil-producing Gulf States and Saudi Arabia, attracted by increased demand for labor, relatively high wages, free flow of remittances and other benefits.

Answer 22

- There is an increase of the *international migrant stock* among ASEAN member states, with flows of low-skilled workers from LIDCs such as Cambodia and Myanmar to EDCs such as Thailand and Malaysia. Most of these migrants are undocumented, seeking employment. - There are increased migrant streams within South America, especially to the 'Southern Cone' of Argentina. This is driven by disparities in wages and labor opportunities. It is facilitated by Mercosur, and Andean Community trading blocs that allow free movement of labor. - Return migrant flows are of a high proportion in the EU, especially Romanians. This includes young workers who have achieved pre-planned economic goals after a few years, haven taken low-skilled jobs abroad before returning to more prestigious positions in their home countries.

Answer 23

- Economic globalization has led to internal migrant flows, especially within EDCs such as India, China, Mexico and Brazil. This is driven by FDI creating agglomerations of economic activity near large urban centres. - Internal migration is dominated by rural-urban migration being reinforced.

Answer 24

- Economic globalization leading to the emergence of new source areas an destinations (on inter-regional, intra-regional and internal levels) - High concentrations of young workers and female migrants - Flows in South-South corridors being now equal in magnitude to South-North corridors - Conflict and persecution having increased numbers of refugees - Changes to national emigration and immigration policies - Development of distinct corridors of bi-lateral flows

Answer 25

- Younger elements of the labor force are driven to migrate by economics, greater employment opportunities, higher wages and the possibility of remittance.

Answer 26

- Oil producing Middle-Eastern countries (UAE, Qatar, SA) - This is an example of young labor driven migration - Numbers of foreign born residents in the UAE have risen dramatically in the 21st century from 2.5 million in 2000 to 8.5 million in 2019. - These flows are dominated by young males, with a high proportion working in construction from Bangladesh and Pakistan. The majority are low skilled, not being educated beyond primary level

Answer 27

- The increase can be accounted for by greater independence, status, freedom and increasing importance as main income earners.

Answer 28

- There has been an increase since the beginning of the 21st century - In 2019, 51% (over half) of migrants in developed countries were female; whereas for developing countries it was 43% - In the regions Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean, North America and Oceania female participation in migration exceeded men. - The opposite is found in Africa and Asia - A trend of growing significance is the migration of highly skilled women - in the first decade of the 21st century, tertiary educated women migrants increased by 80%. - Main destinations include Canada, USA, UK and Israel, where there is less discrimination in the labor market and where women's rights are generally respected.

Answer 29

The UN statistics for 2013 sow that South-South international migrant stock now outnumbers that of the South-North flows

Answer 30

- The idea that, until the second decade of the 21st century, the largest international *migrant flows had been from poorer, less developed countries of the South to the wealthier more developed countries of the North.*

Answer 31

- Global economies have become more interconnected. - South-South flows can be explained mainly by labor migration - with evidence being that 2/3rd of migrant remittances were sent between Southern countries in 2013.

Answer 32

- There are *restrictive administrative barriers* for migrants from the South attempting to enter the North; so migration is redirected to another southern country. - The South has *fast growing economies*, offering employment opportunities that are *more accessible*. - Increased awareness of opportunities in the South from improved communications in social and business networks - Preventative costs of moving to distant richer countries

Answer 33

- Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast - Myanmar to Thailand

Answer 34

- There is high levels of intra-regional international migration in West Africa. - Burkina Faso is a landlocked LIDC, bordered to the south by Ivory Coast, a lower-middle income country. - 250000 migrants settled in Burkina Faso from escaping conflict in Ivory Coast. There were also 930000 born in Burkina Faso living in Ivory Coast. - Excess movements of migrants from Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast is explained by: employment opportunities and higher wages in IC cocoa and coffee plantations, opportunities for farmers due to fertile soils in IC and shared language, currency and cultural systems created by colonial administration.

Answer 35

- The largest ASEAN migrant corridor is the flow from Myanmar to Thailand, which are both 'south' countries. - This involves 1.9 million migrants - Thailand is SE Asia's fastest growing economy, and the Burmese are attracted for economic reasons (many live below poverty line). - Thailand requires migrants to resolve labor shortages in agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing, construction and domestic services. - This is facilitated by the geographical proximity of the two countries and freer flow of labor within the new ASEAN Economic Community. - In addition, many migrants are political refugees, escaping state imposed labor.

Answer 36

- The UN's High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) stated that the number of refugees worldwide increased from 16 million to 26 million between 2012-2019. - Syria is the largest source of refugees, with around 6.5 million. - Iran and Turkey are the biggest recipients of refugees. - In 2019, 16.2 million asylum applications were submitted - the Russian Federation, Germany and the USA were the largest recipients of applications.

Answer 37

- The crisis in **Syria** had been a major factor in the previous recent increase of refugees. - The civil war, beginning in 2011, led to the internal displacement of 6.6 million people, and over 6 million international refugees. - A high percentage of refugees moved relatively short distances to bordering countries (Turkey and Lebanon) - Lebanon had been so overwhelmed by Syrian refugees it imposed a need for an entry visa in 2015, whereas previously the movement between the two countries were largely unrestricted. Syrians seeking work must be sponsored by a Lebanese individual or company. - Other refugees embarked on longer journeys to Europe.

Answer 38

- Impacts of conflict, including personal safety, loss of homes, access to services, damage to other infrastructure. - Political persecution, discrimination and violation of human rights - Economic hardship including forced labor and modern slavery - Natural hazards

Answer 39

- Emigration policies: Pakistan - Immigration policies: Canada

Answer 40

**- National migration policies are designed to meet differing economic, social and political needs of a country.** - For example: some ACs such as the UK and Australia have a points-based system to satisfy labor shortages in particular sectors. Oppositely, some developing countries actively encourage emigration to assist in the development processes.

Answer 41

- The Pakistani Government is pro-emigration - There are 8 million Pakistanis working abroad, and 96% of these are in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. - Pakistan's migrant remittances are 6th in the world, at 20 billion. - The **Pakistan National Emigration Policy** had been drafted by the *Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis** and the *Human Resource Development*, jointly with the *ILO*. This aims to promote emigration and safeguard migrants. - The requirements of Pakistan National Emigration Policy is: Ratify ILO and UN conventions regarding rights of workers, promote export of Pakistani manpower abroad, encourage female participation in overseas employment, support for social networks nd associations abroad (diaspora), establish training institutions to prepare those for working abroad and to enhance the impact of remittances and skills of returning migrants.

Answer 42

- Changes were made to Canada's immigration policy in 2015 to address skills gap in the labor market. - Canada's immigration policy is aimed at the countries long-term requirements for engineers, IT specialists and health care workers. - The logistics: potential migrants are ranked on a 1200-point system which enables young, highly skilled immigrants to be fast tracked. Applicants in their 20s receive maximum points for age, and graduates are also favored. - Every effort is made to employ a Canadian citizen first, but half the necessary points can be awarded to migrant applicants with a permanent job offer from an employer - especially if the employer is located in provincial employment schemes away from main cities. - Canada agreed to take 10,000 Syrian refugees over a 3-year period from 2015.

Answer 43

The migrant flow between two countries.

Answer 44

The spread of an ethnic or national group from their homeland

Answer 45

- Bilateral corridors that were large and longstanding such as between Mexico and the USA have now been significantly reduced. - New and significant flows are emerging in the last decade. For example: migration between Myanmar and Bangladesh including large numbers of refugees

Answer 46

- Cost of travel, related to proximity - Ease of access and communication between 2 countries - Efficiency and cost of sending remittances - Employment opportunities and wage differentials - Established diaspora communities - Effects of conflict and persecution - Migration policy - Former colonial influence, such as language or currency.