Midyear Flashcards
Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford gold foil experiment. Didn’t get expected results but discovered nucleus. He predicted that the atoms would have their matter spread out like a piece of paper.
Atoms tend to acquire the electron configuration of….
A Nobel Gas
2 non metals
Both want more electrons and share with each other. This means they are molecular compounds
2 metals
No compounds
Metal + non metal
Ionic compound
Niels Bohr
Discovered only certain energies and wavelengths are allowed. INCORRECTLY thought electrons orbited nucleus
Quantum
Can be counted, NOT continuous.
Is light a wave or a particle?
Both!
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
The better you know the position, the worse you know the momentum(where it is going). NOTE this principle applies best to small (and i mean realllllly small things)
De Broglie wavelength
H/MV
What is an orbital?
A region where you are likely to find an electron (of a certain energy)
Sub level S
1 orbital, 2 electrons
Sub level P
3 orbitals, 6 electrons
Sub level D
5 orbitals, 10 electrons
Sub level F
7 orbitals, 14 electrons
Out of Li, Na, and K, which is most reactive and why?
K, it is the easiest to remove an electron so it has the lowest ionization energy
Ionization energy
The energy to move an electron
What is an acid?
Any anion with charge balanced by H+
Anion with -ide becomes what when turned into an acid?
Hyrdo___ic acid
Anion with -ate becomes what when turned into an acid?
__ic acid
Anion with -ite becomes what when turned into an acid?
____ous acid
Lewis dot structures
- dots represent valence e- in the outermost principle energy level
- used for non metals primarily
Octet rule
All elements want 8 valence electrons (hydrogen follows the duet rule, making it the only exception)
Covalent bonds
Pair of shared electrons
VSEPR
Valence shell electron pair repulsion, means that outermost electron pairs repel eachother
Difference between ammonia and ammonium
Ammonia: NH3. Ammonium NH4(+)
What generally has a higher melting point, ionic or molecular compounds? Why?
Ionic, because the ionic bonds are much harder to break. DONT BE CONFUSED, melting point isn’t a direct comparison to the strength of the bonds
Are acids molecular or ionic?
Molecular
Redox reactions
The transfer of electrons:
1) synthesis
2) single displacement
3) decompositions
4) combustion (fancy word for burning)
What makes a reaction an acid base?
The products are always the same, water + any salt
Material made up of one kind of atom
Element
What are the diatomic elements?
H, O, N, Br, I, Cl, F
Materials made up of two or more kinds of atoms
Compound
Homogenous mixture
A solution, same from place to place. (Ex: steel)
Heterogenous mixture
Composition varies (ex:sand, salt, peanut butter)
Physical change
No new substances (boiling water)
Chemical change
New substances created (electrolysis) (ex:baking a cake, helps to ask if you can undo it?)
Ion
A charged particle, gains and looses electrons
What happens during alpha decay?
A particle joins with a Helium2 particle to form a new particle
What happens during beta decay?
A particle turns one of its neutrons into a proton
What happens during gamma decay?
When a particle turns one of its protons into a neutron
J. J. Thomson
Discovered electrons and that all matter can emit electrons. Plum pudding model
Cations
Metals that loose electrons (+)
Anions
Metals that gain electrons (-)
