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Developmental Biology > Midterms_Ectodermal Derivatives > Flashcards

Midterms_Ectodermal Derivatives Flashcards

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1
Q

The ectoderm is made up of these three main derivatives

A

Outer Ectoderm
Neural Crest
Neural Tube

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2
Q

What are the derivatives of the Outer Ectoderms

A

Lens
Epidermis
Mouth Epithelium
Olfactory Epithelium
Nails
Sebaceous Glands
Hair

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3
Q

What are the subderivatives of the mouth epithelium

Clue: CAT

A

Cheek epithelium
Anterior Pituitary
Tooth Enamel

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4
Q

What are the derivatives of the Neural Crest?

A

Dentine of Teeth
Adrenal Medulla
Melanocytes
Peripheral Nervous System
Facial Cartilage

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5
Q

What are the derivatives of the peripheral nervous system?

PNSS

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System
Neuroglial Cells
Schwann Cells
Sympathetic Nervous System

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6
Q

What are the derivatives of the Neural tube?

A

Spinal Cord
Motor Neuron
Brain
Retina
Neural Pituitary

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7
Q

True or False
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

A

True

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8
Q

What is the CNS made of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the PNS made of?

A

nerves and ganglia

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10
Q

The development of the nervous system differentiates from this structure at different organizations.

A

Neural Tube

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11
Q

The development of the nervous system differentiates from the neural tube at 3 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION. Which are?

A

Organ Level
Tissue Level
Cellular Level

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12
Q

In the development of the nervous system, what is the level of organization where the neural tube bulges and constricts to form the different regions of the brain and spinal cord

A

Organ Level

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13
Q

In the development of the nervous system, what is the level of organization where cells on the walls of the neural tube rearrange themselves to form different functional regions of the brain and spinal cord

A

Tissue Level

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14
Q

In the development of the nervous system, what is the level of organization where the neuroepithelial cells differentiate into neurons and glial cells.

A

Cellular Level

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15
Q

T or F
In the cellular level of nervous system development, neural crest cells differentiate into neurons and glial cells

A

False: Neural crest, Neuroepithelial

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16
Q

T or F: In the development of the nervous system (cellular level), the POSTERIOR portion of the neural tube develops into the brain whereas the ANTERIOR portion develops into the spinal cord

A

False: Interchange posterior and anterior

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17
Q

What type of directional differentiation does the brain vesicles and brain flexures undergo?

A

Antero-posterior Differentiation

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18
Q

What are the two features that forms in antero-posterior differentiation.

A

Brain vesicles and brain flexures

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19
Q

This is a process of expansion (of the neural tube) to form primary vesicles.

A

vesiculation

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20
Q

What region does vesiculation occur?

A

Anterior region

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21
Q

The brain vesicles have cavities called?

A

ventricles.

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22
Q

The secondary ventricles are derived from?

A

primary ventricles.

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23
Q

Essay
How does the brain vesicles form?

A

At the anterior region, the neural tube undergoes vesiculation, a process of expansion or ballooning into three primary vesicles, the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.

These primary vesicles eventually form secondary vesicles, which give rise to various adult structures.

The brain vesicles have cavities called ventricles.

The secondary ventricles are derived from the primary
ventricles.

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24
Q

What are the ventricles that make up Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain respectively?

A

Prosocoel, Mesocoel, and Rhombocoel

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25
Q

What do you call the smaller compartments of the rhombencephalon?

A

Rhombomeres

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26
Q

This brain structure is formed by the derivatives of the midbrain and hindbrain

A

Brainstem

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27
Q

These are clusters of neuronal cell bodies whose axons form a nerve

A

Ganglia

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28
Q

What forms the ganglia?

A

Rhombomeres

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29
Q

T or F
In Brain Flexures, The brain grows far more slowly than the membranous skull enclosing it, causing the brain to develop flexures.

A

False; slowly, rapidly

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30
Q

In Brain Flexures, the brain develops three flexures namely:

A

Cephalic
Pontine
Cervical

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31
Q

T or F
The Cephalic flexure is found between midbrain and hindbrain

A

False: Found between Forebrain and Midbrain

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32
Q

T or F
The cephalic flexures folds the forebrain dorsally

A

False: dorsally, ventrally

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33
Q

The cephalic flexure pushes the mesencephalon to what direction?

A

upwards

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34
Q

True or False
Pontine Flexures are Dorsal Flexures

A

True

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35
Q

Where are pontine flexures located?

A

Between Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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36
Q

The pontine generates what type of ventricle?

A

Fourth Ventricle

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37
Q

The cervical flexures are found between?

A

Myelencephalon and spinal cord

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38
Q

The cervical flexures folds the brain in what direction relative to the spinal cord?

A

ventrally

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39
Q

Another result of limited space is that, as the cerebral hemispheres continue to grow and expand, they almost completely envelope what secondary vesicles?

A

Diencephalon and Mesencephalon

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40
Q

State all the secondary vesicles

CLUE: Tel Di Mes Met My

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myencephalon

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41
Q

Under the limited space from rapid brain growth, what structures form, that increase the surface area, allowing more neurons to occupy a limited space.

A

Convolution

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42
Q

Advantage of convolutions?

A

Increase surface area that allow neurons to occupy a limited space

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43
Q

T or F
The dorsoventral differentiation of the neural tube can be best understood by looking at the brain.

A

False: brain, spinal cord

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44
Q

The dorsal region of the neural tube receives input from what cells?

A

sensory neurons

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45
Q

What region of the neural tube receives input from sensory neurons?

A

dorsal region

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46
Q

What region of the neural tube does the motor neurons reside?

A

Ventral region

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47
Q

The region between the dorsal and ventral areas contains what cells?

A

interneurons

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48
Q

Purpose of interneurons?

A

Relay information between sensory and motor neurons

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49
Q

Fill in the Blank
Dorsal differentiation is influenced by __________ while ventral differentiation is induced by the __________.

A
  1. epidermis
  2. notochord
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50
Q

The epidermis BMP4 and BMP7 induce the dorsal most area of the neural tube to become what identity?

A

roof plate

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51
Q

What is the roof plate for?

A

It serves as a secondary signalling center

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52
Q

The roof plate also expresses what substance?

A

BMP4

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53
Q

What does BMP4 induce?

A

A cascade of TGF-β superfamily proteins

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54
Q

What does TGF-β superfamily proteins do?

A

Act as a morphogen

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55
Q

These signal molecules that diffuse from the source and form a concentration gradient.

A

morphogens

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56
Q

The concentration gradients of the TGF-β superfamily induce different types of what?

A

Transcription Factors

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57
Q

T or F
The concentration gradients of the TGF-β superfamily induce different types of vesicles in cells at different distances from the roof plate, giving them different identities.

A

False: vesicles, transcription factors

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58
Q

List the gradients of the following identities
• roof plate
• D1 interneurons
• D2 interneurons
• D3 interneurons

A

• BMP4, BMP5, BMP7, Dorsalin, Activin = roof plate
• BMP7, Dorsalin, Activin = D1 interneurons
• Dorsalin, Activin = D2 interneurons
• Activin = D3 interneurons

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59
Q

In ventral patterning, what is the substance secreted by the notochord?

A

sonic hedgehog (shh)

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60
Q

What does sonic hedgehog (shh) do?

A

induces the ventral most area of the neural tube to become the floor plate,

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61
Q

What is the function of the floor plate?

A

secondary signalling center

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62
Q

What acts as morphogens in ventral patterning?

A

sonic hedehog (shh)

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63
Q

T or F
The floor plate also expresses shh that acts as a morphogen, forming a gradient highest at the most anterior portion of the neural tube,

A

False: anterior, ventral

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64
Q

What signals the differentiation of different cell identities?

A

gradients

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65
Q

List their identities:
• Highest concentration of shh
• Decreasing concentrations from the floor plate

A
  1. floor plate
  2. V3 neurons
    motor neurons
    V2 interneurons
    V1 interneurons
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66
Q

The neural tube is initially composed of a single layer called?

A

Germinal neuroepithelium

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67
Q

T or F
The germinal neuroepithelium is single layered

A

True

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68
Q

This is a mitotic neural layer surrounding the cavity (ventricle) of the neural tube

A

germinal neuroepithelium.

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69
Q

The germinal neuroepithelium is also known as?

A

ventricular layer or ependymal layer.

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70
Q

It is a pseudostratified layer whose cells divide vertically (instead of horizontally)

A

Germinal neuroepithelium, ventricular layer or ependymal layer.

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71
Q

In Neural Tissue; the ventricular layer or ependymal layer gives rise to two cells.

One cell remains close to the ventricle and remains as a what?

A

Stem cell

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72
Q

In Neural Tissue; the ventricular layer or ependymal layer gives rise to two cells.

The cells migrates away to become either what?

A

Neural stem cell and glial stem cell

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73
Q

Neural stem cells form what type of cells?

A

Neurons

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74
Q

Glial stem cells form what type of cells?

A

neuroglia

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75
Q

As the neuroepithelium divides, migrating cells form a second layer around the neuroepithelium called the?

A

mantle or intermediate zone.

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76
Q

As the neuroepithelium divides, migrating cells form a second layer called the mantle or intermediate zone around the neuroepithelium. The mantle differentiates into what type of cells?

A

neurons and glial cells

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77
Q

Neurons, from the differentiation of the mantle layer, establish connections with each other and send out axons away from the lumen, forming a cell-poor layer called?

A

the marginal zone

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78
Q

In the marginal zone, The glial cells ensheath these axons with myelin sheaths, giving them a whitish appearance thus referred to as?

A

White matter

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79
Q

In the marginal zone, the mantle layer that contains the neuronal cell bodies is then referred to as?

A

gray matter

80
Q

What do you call neuronal precursors from the neuroepithelium?

A

Neuroblasts

81
Q

Where do neuroblasts migrate to form neuron clusters?

A

white matter

82
Q

What do you call clusters of neurons?

A

Nuclei

83
Q

What is the function of the clusters of neurons (nuclei)?

A

relay stations between cerebellum and other parts of the brain

84
Q

In the cerebellum, other neuroblasts from the neuroepithelium migrate to the outer layer surrounding the white matter to form a two-layered what?

A

External Granule Layer

85
Q

What is the function of the external granule layer?

A

It is where neuroblasts proliferate

86
Q

Neuroblasts of the inner layer of the external granule layer form granule neurons that migrate back to the white matter and form the?

A

Internal Granule Layer

87
Q

neuroblasts of the inner layer of the external granule layer form what?

A

Granule neurons

88
Q

As the neuroepithelial layer continues to generate more cells, it gives rise to large and distinctive?

A

Purkinje neurons

89
Q

what doesthe purkinje neurons do?

A

migrate between the external granule layer and the internal granule layer forming the Purkinje cell layer

90
Q

The Purkinje neurons have enormous processes called?

A

dendritic arbor

91
Q

what is the purpose of dendritic arbor?

A

synapse with the neurons of the external granule layer

92
Q

What part of the Purkinje neurons synapse with the neurons of the internal granule layer?

A

Long axons

93
Q

Where does vertical and horizontal differentiation occur?

A

cerebrum

94
Q

In vertical differentiation, neuroblasts from the mantle layer (grey matter) migrate outside the white matter to form the outer layer of the brain called the?

A

neocortex

95
Q

The neocortex; this layer forms how many layers?

A

6 distinct layers

96
Q

T or F
The cerebrum is organized vertically into over 40 regions with distinct functions

A

False: vertically, horizontally

97
Q

Neural crest cells originate at what region of the neural tube?

A

dorsal

98
Q

What do neural crests do to generate various types of cells?

A

migrate

99
Q

Nural crest cells give rise to how many functional domains?

A

4 main functional domains

100
Q

The first group of neural crest cells to separate from the neural tube and undergo epithelial to mesenchyme transition.

A

Cranial / Cephalic Neural Crest

101
Q

neural crest cells from the forebrain and midbrain give rise to three structures; namely?

A
  1. Skeletal elements of the face
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Neurons and glial of the cranial ganglia
102
Q

Neural crest cells from the rhombomeres give rise to three streams which are?

A

Trigeminal
Hyoid
Post-otic

103
Q

FThis stream of neural crest cells fills in the 1st pharyngeal arch (PA1) and gives rise to the jawbones, odontoblasts of the teeth, malleus, and incus of the middle ear

A

Trigeminal Neural Crest

104
Q

This stream of neural crest fills in the 2nd pharyngeal arch (PA2) and gives rise to the hyoid bone and stapes

A

Hyoid neural crest

105
Q

This stream of neural crest cells fills in the 3rd pharyngeal arch (PA3) and contributes to the thyroid and parathyroid gland

A

Post-otic neural crest

106
Q

T or F
Each of the neural crest streams gives rise to the cranial and pharyngeal ganglion

A

False: pharyngeal, jugular

107
Q

What arises from the neural tube at the level of somites?

A

Vagal Neural Crest

108
Q

What somite level form the parasympathetic (enteric) nervous system of the foregut?

A

Somite 1-3

109
Q

In level of somites 1-3, some of the cells migrate to the heart thus called the?

A

cardiac neural crest

110
Q

T or F
Cardiac neural crests contribute to the formation of the pulmonary semilaminar valves

A

False: semilaminar, semilunar

111
Q

Level of somite produces this tissue of large arteries of the heart.

A

musculoconnective tissue

112
Q

The cardiac neural crest populate what Pharyngeal arches?

A

3-6

113
Q

T or F
Cardiac neural crest gives rise to melanocytes, neurons, and connective tissues of Pharyngeal Arches 1-3

A

False: 3-6

114
Q

What somite level contributes to the enteric nervous system of the stomach?

A

Level of somites 4-6

115
Q

What somite level contribute to the dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system and melanocytes

A

Level of somite 7

116
Q

What neural crest originates posterior to the vagal neural crest.

A

Trunk neural crest

117
Q

What trunk neural crest pathways is between the neural tube and the somites

A

ventrolateral

118
Q

What do you call the derivatives of the somite?

A

ssclerotome

119
Q

Trunk Neural Crest Cells that migrate up to the ___________ give rise to the sensory neurons and glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system

A

sclerotome

120
Q

Trunk neural crest cells that migrate towards this pathway form the sympathetic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, and nerve clusters of the aorta. So what is this pathway?

A

ventrally

121
Q

What Trunk neural crest pathway is between the ectoderm and anterior sclerotome?

A

dorsolateral

122
Q

Dorsolateral pathway of the Trunk neural crest gives rise to what cells?

A

melanocytes

123
Q

What arise at the posterior-most region of the neural tube?

A

Sacral Neural Crest

124
Q

T or F
The sacral neural crest migrates ventrally and colonizes the gut giving rise to the enteric nervous system of the
foregut

A

False: foregut, hindgut

125
Q

Eye development begins when vesicles bulge from each side of the diencephalon. what are these vesicles?

A

optic vesicles

126
Q

As the optic vesicles continue to grow outward, it comes in contact with the ectoderm and induces the formation of this structure.

A

lens placode

127
Q

The induced lens placode then invaginates forming this structure.

A

Lens pit

128
Q

This invagination pushes against the optic vesicle, causing it to invaginate, too, forming a double-walled?

A

optic cup

129
Q

What structure is the optic cup attached to?

A

narrow optic stalk.

130
Q

The walls of the optic cup includes:

A

Outer and Inner wall

131
Q

At what layer of the optic cup do cells produce melanin pigment?

A

Outer wall

132
Q

In the outer walls of the optic cup, cells produce melanin pigment and the layer becomes the?

A

pigmented retina

133
Q

At what layer of the optic cup do cells proliferate rapidly?

A

Inner wall

134
Q

glial cells, ganglion cells, interneurons, and light-sensitive photoreceptor neurons all form what structure?

A

neural retina

135
Q

Fill in the blank
In the inner wall of the optic cup, the optic stalk is now called?

A

optic nerve

136
Q

In the development of the eye, the lens pit closes over itself forming what structure?

A

lens vesicle

137
Q

In the development of the eye, The closed ectoderm then
differentiates into?

A

cornea

138
Q

T or F
The optic vesicles arise from the Myelencephalon,

A

False: Myelencephalon, diencephalon

139
Q

T or F
Since the optic vesicles arise from the diencephalon, the walls are then lined with the same germinal neuroepithelium of the neurologlia.

A

False: neurologlia, neural tube

140
Q

Differentiation of the Neural Retina give rise to two layers, Which are?

A

Outer neuroblastic layer
Inner neuroblastic layer

141
Q

What does the outer neuroblastic layer face?

A

pigmented retina

142
Q

What does the inner neuroblastic layer face?

A

lens

143
Q

In differentiation of the neural retina, from two layers, three layers of cells are formed, which are?

A

Outer, middle and inner layers

144
Q

In differentiation of the neural retina, what layer comprises rods and cones phototoreceptors?

A

Outer layer

145
Q

In differentiation of the neural retina, what layer comprises bipolar neurons?

A

Middle

146
Q

In differentiation of the neural retina, what layer comprises ganglion cells?

A

Inner layer

147
Q

In differentiation of the neural retina, point of synapsis between the neurons of each layer form the?

A

plexiform layers

148
Q

T or F
In differentiation of the Lens, the lens vesicle is made up of a single layer of lens epithelium surrounding a lens cavity.

A

True

149
Q

What induces the cells of the posterior epithelium
to transform into elongated, slender cells?

A

neural retina

150
Q

What lens epithelium forms the primary lens fibers and crystallins?

A

Posterior epithelium

151
Q

What do you call elongated slender cells transformed from the posterior epithelium?

A

primary lens fibers

152
Q

What is tghe function of primary lens fibers?

A

fill in the cavity of the lens vesicle.

153
Q

The cells of the posterior epithelium synthesize transparent, lens-specific proteins and lose their nuclei. What do you call these proteins?

A

crystallins

154
Q

In the anterior epithelium, Cells at the equatorial region elongate towards the anterior and posterior areas and form the?

A

secondary lens fibers

155
Q

What section of the len epithelium do secondary lens fibers form?

A

Anterior epithelium

156
Q

This process begins when the mesenchyme that surrounds the external surface of the optic cup condenses.

A

Corneal differentiation

157
Q

In corneal differentiation, the mesenchyme condenses into two layers, which are?

A

Choroid and sclera

158
Q

This is the inner, pigmented, vascular layer of the mesenchyme

A

choroid

159
Q

This is the outer, fibrous layer of the mesenchyme.

A

Sclera

160
Q

In mesenchyme at the anterior of the developing lens, this is the inner layer that is continuous with the choroid.

A

Iridopupillay membrane

161
Q

True or False
The Iridopupillay membrane will eventualy disappear.

A
162
Q

What happens if Iridopupillay membrane dissappears?

A

allowing communication between the anterior and posterior
chambers of the eye

163
Q

In the mesenchyme at the anterior of the developing lens, what do you call the outer layer that is continuous with the sclera?

A

Corneal stroma

164
Q

This is a corneal layer that develops from the surface ectoderm.

A

Corneal epithelium

165
Q

This is a corneal layer that is derived from the surrounding mesenchyme.

A

Corneal Stroma

166
Q

This is a corneal layer that forms from neural crest cells that migrate from the rim of the optic cup

A

Corneal endothelium

167
Q

T or F
The epidermis develops from the ectoderm after gastrulation.

A

False: gastrulation, neurulation

168
Q

In the development of the epidermis, this is the outer layer that serves as a temporary covering

A

Periderm

169
Q

T or F
The periderm merges once the true epidermis is formed.

A

False: merges, shed

170
Q

In the development of the epidermis, this is the inner layer that is mitotic.

A

Basal layer/ Stratum germinativum

171
Q

This strata gives rise to all the cells of the epidermis

A

stratum germinativum

172
Q

The basal layer/stratum germinativum divides to form?

A

an intermediate layer

173
Q

In the development of the epidermal cells the intermediate layer is between what?

A

periderm and basal layer

174
Q

The intermediate layer forms numerous tonofilaments that connect adjacent cells making the layer look “spiny” thus called?

A

stratum spinosum

175
Q

stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum are mitotic layers and collectively known as the?

A

Malphigian Layer

176
Q

In the development of Epidermal Cells, Cells of the
Malphigian layer divide to produce what strata?

A

stratum granulosum

177
Q

stratum granulosum is a layer that contains what granules?

A

keratohyalin

178
Q

What are the precursor of keratin?

A

keratohyalin granules

179
Q

The non-mitotic granular cells differentiate into
keratinized cells called?

A

keratinocytes

180
Q

Keratinocytes comprises what strata?

A

stratum corneum

181
Q

T or F
Stratum granulosum is a layer of flat cells

A

False: granulosum, corneum

182
Q

Melanocytes from the neural crest invade the Malphigian layer and transfer their pigment sacs to developing keratinocytes. What do you call these pigment sacs?

A

melanosomes

183
Q

T or F
When epidermal derivatives form, they grow downward and penetrate the fatty tissues.

A

False: fatty tissues, dermis

184
Q

What do you call the derivative of the mesoderm?

A

dermis

185
Q

The development of hair occurs in how many stages?

A

3

186
Q

What are the three stages of hair develoment?

Clue: IOC

A

Induction
Organogenesis
Cytodifferentiation

187
Q

What induces the epidermal cells of the of the basal layer to become columnar and bulge slightly into the dermis?

A

fibroblast cells,

188
Q

The epidermal cells of the of the basal layer to become columnar and bulge slightly into the dermis as?

A

hair placode

189
Q

In Organogenesis (Hair Development), the cells continue to proliferate and form clusters which enlarge and elongate to
generate the?

A

hair germ

190
Q

In organogenesis, the dermal fibroblasts respond to the “sinking” of the hair germ and form a small node beneath the hair germ forming the?

A

dermal papilla

191
Q

T or F
The dermal papilla pushes against the “sinking” hair germ, stimulating the hair germ further to divide and envelope the dermal papilla

A

True

192
Q

In cytodifferentiation, the hair germ cells give rise to post-mitotic cells that will differentiate into what keratinized structure?

A

hair shaft

193
Q

In Cytodifferentiation, two epithelial swellings or bulges grow on the sides of the hair germ which are?

A

Lower and Upper Swelling

194
Q

This epithelial bulge retains the population of stem cells and will generate the hair shaft periodically

A

lower swelling

195
Q

This epithelial bulge forms the sebaceous gland

A

uper swelling

Developmental Biology (5 decks)

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