MIDTERMS: Parkinson's Disease Flashcards
Who first described Parkinson’s Disease and what was it originally called?
James Parkinson in 1817; originally called Paralysis Agitans or Shaking Palsy.
What are the main features of Parkinson’s Disease?
Resting tremor, bradykinesia, and simian posture.
What genetic factors are associated with Parkinson’s Disease?
Autosomal dominant PD: mutations in alpha-synuclein (Chromosome 4q21) and LRRK2 gene.
Autosomal recessive PD: mutations in DJ-1, PINK1, and parkin genes, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Describe the biomechanical abnormality in Parkinson’s Disease.
Decreased dopaminergic neurotransmission in the basal ganglia.
Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system and dopamine receptors.
Disinhibition of subthalamic nucleus and medial globus pallidus.
What are the positive and negative phenomena in Parkinson’s Disease?
Positive: Tremor at rest, rigidity, flexed posture.
Negative: Bradykinesia, loss of postural reflexes, and freezing phenomenon.
What are the pathological findings in Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (PDD)?
Amyloid-β plaques and tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus.
α-Synuclein-stained Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the cortex.
What are the core syndrome symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?
Expressionless face, rigidity, slowness of voluntary movement, resting tremor, stooped posture, and festinating gait.
Describe the Hoehn and Yahr staging for Parkinson’s Disease.
Stage I: Unilateral symptoms.
Stage II: Bilateral symptoms without balance impairment.
Stage III: Bilateral symptoms with postural instability.
Stage IV: Severe disability but still able to walk unassisted.
Stage V: Confined to bed or wheelchair without assistance.
What types of rehabilitation interventions are effective for Parkinson’s Disease?
Aquatic Ai Chi for pain and balance.
Treadmill training with rhythmic auditory cues for balance and quality of life.
Access to physiotherapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy.
List the cardinal features required for a definitive Parkinsonism diagnosis.
At least two features, with one being either resting tremor or bradykinesia.
What are the three main categories of Parkinson’s Disease?
Idiopathic, symptomatic, and Parkinson-plus syndromes.
Name two types of tremors seen in Parkinson’s Disease.
Resting tremor (coarse, 4/sec, “pill-rolling”) and fine action tremor (7-8/sec, observed with outstretched hands).
What genetic factors are involved in Parkinson’s Disease?
Mutations in genes like alpha-synuclein (autosomal dominant) and genes affecting mitochondrial function (DJ-1, PINK1, and parkin, linked to autosomal recessive PD).
What types of pain management are recommended for Parkinson’s Disease?
MSK pain: Simple analgesics, heat, TENS, and regular exercise.
Radicular neuropathic pain: Analgesics, neuropathic pain medication (e.g., gabapentin), and gentle exercise.
What are some assistive devices used for ADLs in Parkinson’s Disease?
Adaptive utensils like angled spoons and universal cuffs.
Walking aids with laser cues, vibrating sticks/walkers, and handrails.
Adaptive drinking devices like cups with handles and spouts.
