MIDTERMS: Movement Disorders

Question 1

A neurological symptom resulting in uncoordinated movements and balance issues, often due to cerebellar dysfunction.

Answer 1

Ataxia

Question 2

What are common symptoms of ataxia?

Answer 2

Poor coordination, unsteady gait, difficulty with fine motor tasks, speech changes, nystagmus, and swallowing difficulty.

Question 2

Name some causes of ataxia.

Answer 2

Alcohol abuse, stroke, tumors, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, head trauma, and certain genetic disorders.

Question 2

What is episodic ataxia, and what triggers it?

Answer 2

A type of autosomal dominant ataxia with brief episodes triggered by stress, sudden movements, or startle responses

Question 3

An autosomal recessive ataxia affecting the cerebellum, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, often causing gait issues, muscle weakness, and deformities.

Answer 3

Friedreich’s ataxia

Question 3

It’s an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing uncontrolled movements, cognitive decline, and emotional disturbances.

Answer 3

Huntington’s disease

Question 4

What are some treatment options for ataxia?

Answer 4

Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and adaptive devices like walkers or canes.

Question 4

: Describe Dystonia Parkinsonism of Panay (Lubag).

Answer 4

A genetic, sex-linked disorder endemic to Panay, Philippines, characterized by severe torsion dystonia in early stages, followed by Parkinsonian feature

Question 5

What are imaging findings in Dystonia Parkinsonism of Panay?

Answer 5

MRI shows caudate nucleus and putamen atrophy; PET scan reveals reduced striatal glucose metabolism

Question 5

List some therapies used for dystonia.

Answer 5

Physical therapy, speech therapy, Botox injections, and medications like levodopa, tetrabenazine, and anticholinergics.

Question 5

A movement disorder causing involuntary muscle contractions, resulting in twisting or repetitive movements.

Answer 5

Dystonia

Question 5

Which part of the brain is associated with dystonia?

Answer 5

The basal ganglia, involved in muscle contraction regulation.

Question 5

What is Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and what does it affect?

Answer 5

MSA is a rare, progressive neurological disorder that affects ataxia, parkinsonism, and autonomic functions like blood pressure, heart rate, and bladder control.

Question 5

What are common areas affected by focal dystonia?

Answer 5

Neck (cervical dystonia), eyelids (blepharospasm), hands (e.g., writer’s cramp), and vocal cords (spasmodic dysphonia).

Question 6

What is deep brain stimulation, and when is it used?

Answer 6

A surgical treatment where electrodes are implanted in the brain to help control muscle contractions in severe cases of dystonia.

Question 6

What is a unique genetic marker associated with Dystonia Parkinsonism of Panay?

Answer 6

Mutation in the DYT3 gene on chromosome Xq13.1.

Question 6

A neurological condition causing involuntary shaking, often affecting the hands but may involve other body parts.

Answer 6

essential tremor

Question 7

What causes Tardive Dyskinesia and what are its symptoms?

Answer 7

Caused by long-term use of neuroleptic drugs, it leads to repetitive, involuntary movements like grimacing and eye blinking.

Question 7

Describe the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 7

Progressive neurological disorder causing tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and impaired balance.

Question 8

What characterizes myoclonus?

Answer 8

Sudden, brief, involuntary, shock-like jerks of a muscle or group of muscles, which can be localized or widespread.

Question 8

What is Progressive Supranuclear Palsy?

Answer 8

A rare disorder causing difficulties with walking, balance, and eye movements, resembling Parkinson’s but distinct in nature.

Question 8

What are common symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)?

Answer 8

Unpleasant sensations in the legs at rest, relieved by movement, often worse at night and leading to sleep disturbances.

Question 9

A neurological condition starting in childhood, characterized by motor and vocal tics, more common in males than females.

Answer 9

Tourette Syndrome

Question 9

How are tics classified?

Answer 9

Tics are classified as simple (sudden, brief movements or sounds) or complex, which may involve multiple muscle groups.