MIDTERMS: EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 1

the word epidemiology comes from the Greek words

Answer 1

EPI- on or upon
DEMOS- people
LOGOS- study of

Question 2

the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

Answer 2

Epidemiology

Question 3

Study of ecology of health and disease, and the application of knowledge gained to promote health and control diseases.

Answer 3

Epidemiology

Question 4

Study of interrelationship of factors in particular areas in the field of health, and the application of the results of such studies to influence such factors to achieve a given outcome

Answer 4

Epidemiology

Question 5

traditional epidemiologic triad model holds that infectious diseases result from the interaction of agent, host, and environment.

Answer 5

chain of infection

Question 6

T or F

Transmission occurs when the agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Any element, substance, or force whether living or non-living, the presence or absence which can initiate or perpetuate a disease process.

Answer 7

Agent

Question 8

Could be physical and mechanical in nature
} Chemicals
} Exogenous
} Endogenous

Answer 8

Agent

Question 9

Physical features, biologic requirements, chemical make-up, viability, and resistance.

Answer 9

Inherent Characteristics

Question 10

measures the ability of an agent when lodged in the body to set-up a specific reaction, local or general, clinical or sub-trial.

Answer 10

Pathogenicity

Question 11

refers to the severity of the reaction produced and is usually measured in terms of fatality.

Answer 11

Virulence

Question 12

the ability to stimulate the host to produce antibodies

Answer 12

Antigenicity

Question 13

Refers to the reservoir and sources of infection and modes of transmission.

Answer 13

Characteristics in relation to the environment

Question 14

habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies.

Answer 14

reservoir

Question 15

Includes humans, animals and the environment

Answer 15

reservoir

Question 16

T or F
The reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Many common infectious diseases have human
reservoirs.

Answer 17

human reservoirs

Question 18

sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococcal infection, and many respiratory pathogens

Answer 18

human reservoirs

Question 19

Many of these diseases are transmitted from animal
to animal, with humans as incidental hosts.

Answer 19

animal reservoir

Question 20

refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans

Answer 20

Zoonosis

Question 21

Plants, soil, and water in the environment are also
reservoirs for some infectious agents

Answer 21

Environmental reservoir

Question 22

Many fungal agents, such as those that cause histoplasmosis, live and multiply in the soil.

Answer 22

Environmental reservoir

Question 23

the path by which a pathogen leaves its host.

Answer 23

portal of exit

Question 24

usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized.

Answer 24

portal of exit

Question 25

occurs through skin- to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse.

Answer 25

direct contact

Question 26

T or F Direct contact also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms

Answer 26

True

Question 27

refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking.

Answer 27

droplet spread

Question 28

–T or F Droplet spread is classified as direct because transmission is by direct spray over a few feet, before the droplets fall to the ground

Answer 28

True

Question 29

refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors)

Answer 29

indirect transmission

Question 30

occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.

Answer 30

airborne transmission

Question 31

T or F –Airborne dust includes material that has settled on surfaces and become resuspended by air currents as well as infectious particles blown from the soil by the wind.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

may indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels).

Answer 32

vehicle borne

Question 33

T or F Vector-borne such as mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

refers to the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host

Answer 34

portal of entry

Question 35

T or F The portal of entry must provide access to tissues in which the pathogen can multiply or a toxin can act.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

final link in the chain of infection is a susceptible host.

Answer 36

host

Question 37

T or F Susceptibility of a host depends on genetic or constitutional factors, specific immunity, and nonspecific factors that affect an individual’s ability to resist infection or to limit pathogenicity.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T or F An individual’s genetic makeup may either increase or decrease susceptibility.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Interventions are directed at?

Answer 39

Controlling or eliminating agent at source of transmission Protecting portals of entry Increasing host's defenses