MIDTERMS: Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
What is hypopituitarism?
A deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones.
What are common causes of hypopituitarism?
Pituitary tumors, trauma, surgery, radiation, infections.
What are symptoms of gonadotropin (LH & FSH) deficiency?
Infertility, amenorrhea, loss of libido, decreased secondary sex characteristics.
What is the treatment for hypopituitarism?
Hormone replacement therapy (e.g., levothyroxine, corticosteroids, sex hormones).
What is panhypopituitarism?
Deficiency of multiple anterior pituitary hormones.
What is the most common cause of acromegaly and gigantism?
Pituitary adenoma secreting excess growth hormone.
What are the types of DI?
Central DI: Lack of ADH production.
Nephrogenic DI: Kidneys fail to respond to ADH
What is the difference between acromegaly and gigantism?
Acromegaly occurs after puberty, gigantism occurs before puberty.
How is nephrogenic DI treated?
Thiazide diuretics, amiloride, NSAIDs (indomethacin).
What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?
A disorder causing excessive urination due to vasopressin (ADH) deficiency or resistance.
What is the gold standard test for diagnosing DI?
Water deprivation test.
What is the treatment of choice for acromegaly?
Transsphenoidal pituitary microsurgery.
What is the treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroidectomy (surgical removal).
What are common symptoms of DI?
Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, craving for ice-cold water.
What is the first-line treatment for central DI?
Desmopressin (DDAVP).
What is the primary function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, increasing intestinal absorption, and reducing renal excretion.
What is the main cause of hypoparathyroidism?
Surgical removal (e.g., after thyroidectomy).
What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
“Bones, stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans” (osteoporosis, kidney stones, GI distress, mental fog).
What is the hallmark sign of hyperparathyroidism?
Hypercalcemia (serum Ca > 10.5 mg/dL).
What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism?
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation (calcitriol).
What are signs of hypocalcemia in hypoparathyroidism?
Trousseau’s sign (carpal spasm after BP cuff inflation).
Chvostek’s sign (facial twitching when tapping facial nerve).
What is Addison’s disease?
Chronic adrenal insufficiency due to cortisol and aldosterone deficiency.
What are symptoms of Addison’s disease?
Fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hypotension, salt craving.
What is the treatment for Addison’s disease?
Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone replacement.
What are hallmark features of Cushing’s syndrome?
Moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity, purple striae, hypertension.
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
Excess cortisol due to pituitary adenoma (Cushing’s disease) or adrenal tumors.
What test confirms Cushing’s syndrome?
Dexamethasone suppression test.
What is the treatment for Cushing’s syndrome?
Transsphenoidal surgery (if pituitary adenoma), adrenalectomy, medications (ketoconazole, metyrapone).
What is hypothyroidism?
Underactive thyroid with low T3/T4 and high TSH (in primary cases).
What are common symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, depression.
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune destruction).
What is hyperthyroidism?
Overactive thyroid with high T3/T4 and low TSH.
What is myxedema coma?
Severe hypothyroidism causing hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia, altered mental status.
What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves’ disease (autoimmune stimulation of thyroid).
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremors, exophthalmos.
What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?
Methimazole or propylthiouracil (PTU), radioactive iodine, thyroidectomy.
What is thyroid storm?
Life-threatening hyperthyroidism with high fever, tachycardia, delirium.
What is the treatment for thyroid storm?
Beta-blockers, PTU, steroids, iodine.
What is diabetes mellitus?
Chronic disease with high blood glucose due to insulin dysfunction.
What are the types of diabetes?
Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells → no insulin.
Type 2: Insulin resistance.
How is diabetes diagnosed?
Fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or A1C ≥ 6.5%.
What are symptoms of diabetes?
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Life-threatening complication of Type 1 diabetes with ketosis and acidosis.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis, seen in Type 2 diabetes.
What is the treatment for DKA?
IV fluids, insulin, potassium replacement.
What is the first-line medication for Type 2 diabetes?
Metformin.
What are long-term complications of diabetes?
Neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease.
