MIDTERMS - Day 2 Questions (no choices mostly) Flashcards
Which characteristic of a mineral is described when we talk about which elements constitutes a mineral?
A. Crystal Habit
B. Crystal Chemistry
C. Crystal Faces
D. Crystallography
B. Crystal Chemistry
Which characteristic of a mineral is described when we talk about how the elements are arranged in a mineral?
A. Crystal Habit
B. Crystal Chemistry
C. Crystal Faces
D. Crystallography
D. Crystallography
How does a true mineral behave at room temperature?
Stable
Crystals are formed by the __________ of the smallest division of their unique unit of structure.
A. Addition
B. Division
C. Subtraction
D. Repetition
D. Repetition
What do you call the smallest division of the unique unit of structure of crystals?
Unit Cell
TRUE OR FALSE
Temperature and pressure can influence the final form and composition of a mineral.
TRUE!!! Duh? (Chareng)
TRUE OR FALSE
Some physical properties are consistent and fixed while others vary.
TRUE
In terms of weight percentage, which element is by far the most dominant and is one of the most important anions in the study of terrestrial rocks?
Oxygen
___________ minerals have the same physical properties in all directions.
Isometric/Cubic
________ minerals have one pair of orthogonal axes, c-axis is unique, with all three angles between the axes = 90°.
Tetragonal
_________ minerals have one pair of orthogonal axes, c-axis is unique, with the angle between the a and b axes (γ angle) = 60 angle) = 60°or 120°.
Hexagonal
In _______ minerals, no axes lengths are the same, but 2 of the angles are 90°.
Monoclinic
In ________ minerals, no axes lengths are the same but the angles
between the axes are all 90°.
Orthorhombic
In _______ minerals, no 2 axes or angles between axes are the same.
Triclinic
What are the 2 main optical classes?
Isotropic and Anisotropic
Anisotropic minerals are subdivided into two, which are ________ and ________.
Uniaxial, Biaxial
Which crystal system/s is/are isotropic?
Isometric
Which crystal system/s is/are anisotropic?
Tetragonal, Hexagonal (Uniaxial)
Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, & Triclinic (Biaxial)
Why is the silica tetrahedron considered versatile?
Because of its ability to bond with other cations in different coordination states.
What is the range of the wavelength of visible light?
0.3 to 0.7 μm
How do you name a light/ray that has a shorter wavelength than the visible light?
Ultraviolet (UV) - 0.3 μm or shorter
How do you name a light/ray that has a longer wavelength than the visible light?
Infrared (IR) - >0.8 μm or longer
What is the term for the general shape of crystals?
Crystal Habit
Which one is a fixed property? Habit or Form?
Form, because it connotes a specific arrangement of atoms.
Why is habit not a fixed property?
Habit is not a fixed property because it is controlled by the environment, causing it to vary with locality.
Do crystal faces have a definite relationship with each other? Why or why not?
Yes, they do, because crystals have a direct relationship with the internal structure, which means that crystal faces have a definite relationship with each other.
Which scientist first observed the definite relationship of crystal faces and in what year?
Nicolaus Steno, 1669
Complete Steno’s Law:
“The angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same substance, measured at the same temperature, are ___________.”
Constant
Which mineral property is considered as the “most obvious” out of all the properties?
Color
_________ light is the combination of all the wavelengths detectable to the human eye.
A) White
B) Black
C) UV
D) Infrared
A) White
Which mineral property reveals the color of a mineral through powdered form?
Streak
Which mineral property is described as the ability of a mineral to reflect light?
Luster
What is the general luster of Quartz?
Vitreous
What is the luster of Diamond?
Adamantine
What is the term used to describe the tensile strength of a mineral?
Tenacity
On the Mohs Scale of Hardness, what is the hardness of the element that will usually scratch glass?
6 (Feldspar)
Which German chemist and mineralogist (full name) created the Mohs Scale of Hardness?
Friedrich Mohs
In the updated scale, which 2 elements were added on the scale as 11 and 12, respectively?
Wurtzite boron nitride and Lonsdaleite
Which principle is usually used to determine specific gravity?
Archimedes’ Principle
The work of Schrödinger and Heisenberg refined the model further, rejecting precise orbits, and promoting regions of electron occurrence, called ________.
Orbitals
TRUE or FALSE
The lowest energy orbitals are the farthest from the nucleus.
FALSE. The lowest energy orbitals are closest to the nucleus. As they get farther from the nucleus, the orbitals gain energy, causing their size to increase as they get farther.
How many electrons spinning in opposite directions can each orbital accommodate?
2
What is the main criteria that needs to be met in order for an ion to be created?
There must be an unequal number of protons and electrons.
What energy is required to remove the most weakly held electron from a neutral atom?
A. First Ionization Potential
B. Second Ionization Potential
C. First Ionization Energy
D. Second Ionization Energy
A. First Ionization Potential
These are isotopes produced by the decay of a radioactive material.
Radiogenic Isotope
Name 2 elements that have radiogenic isotopes.
Th, U, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, etc.
TRUE or FALSE
All true metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
It was discovered through XRF analysis that true metals have regular repetitive pattern of true crystalline solid.
FALSE. It was through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis.
In order for an ionic bond to form, the respective valence shells of both metallic and non-metallic atom must achieve what?
Both valence shells must achieve INERT GAS CONFIGURATION.
TRUE or FLASE
Ionic bonds are unidirectional.
FALSE. They are non-directional.
Which type of bond is usually a characteristic of minerals that are insoluble and generally quite stable?
Covalent Bond
In a case where a molecule has an equal attraction to the electrons, what type of polarization occurs in the bond?
A. Total Polarization
B. Partial Polarization
C. No Polarization
C. No Polarization
In a case where the electron has greater concentration towards a molecule, what type of polarization occurs in the bond?
A. Total Polarization
B. Partial Polarization
C. No Polarization
B. Partial Polarization
Electronegativity increases towards top-right-hand-side of Periodic Table and is measured on the Pauling Scale, which measures the relationship of what two variables?
Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity
There are different ways by which minerals have been classified such as on the basis of their physical properties, chemical properties, chemical composition, and internal crystal structure. Which among the 4 are the most important for mineral classification and why?
The two most important parameters are chemical composition and internal crystal structure because they control physical and chemical properties of minerals.
The system where minerals are classified into native elements; sulfides and sulfosalts; oxides and hydroxides; halides; carbonates, nitrates and borates; sulfates; phosphates; and silicates is developed by which mineralogist?
A. Agricola
B. Berzelius
C. Bragg
D. Dana
B. Berzelius
Which British physicist discovered X-rays?
A. Agricola
B. Berzelius
C. Bragg
D. Dana
C. Bragg
Bragg, together with which Norwegian mineralogist, classified silicate mineral groups based on their internal atomic structure?
A. Strunz
B. Goldschmidt
C. Dana
D. Hutton
B. Goldschmidt
This mineral class generally have metallic luster, high density and low hardness.
A. Native Elements
B. Silicates
C. Sulfides
D. Sulfates
C. Sulfides
What is the chemical formula of barite?
BaSO4 (Barium Sulfate)
What is the chemical formula of anhydrite?
CaSO4 (Calcium Sulfate)
What is the chemical formula of gypsum?
CaSO4 . 2H2O (Hydrated Calcium Sulfate)
What is the chemical formula of celestine?
SrSO4 (Strontium Sulfate)
Which mineral class is usually very soft and easily soluble in water?
Halides
What is the chemical formula of dolomite?
What is the chemical formula of siderite?
FeCO3
How many negative charges does a silica tetrahedron have?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 16
B. 4
Zircon belongs to which silicate class?
A. Nesosilicates
B. Inosilicates
C. Tectosilicates
D. Phyllosilicates
A. Nesosilicates
What is the silica to oxygen ratio of sorosilicates?
A. 1:4
B. 2:7
C. 1:3
D. 2:5
B. 2:7
The zeolite group belongs to which silicate class?
A. Nesosilicates
B. Inosilicates
C. Tectosilicates
D. Phyllosilicates
C. Tectosilicates
Light-colored silicate minerals are devoid of iron and magnesium, which is why they are also called non-ferromagnesian silicates. Name 3 non-ferromagnesian silicates.
Quartz, Muscovite Mica, Feldspar
The other silicate minerals, which are rich in iron and/or magnesium are referred to as ferromagnesian silicates. Name 3 examples of ferromagnesian silicates.
Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole (and Biotite Mica)
Carbonate minerals are the important component of what type of rocks? Igneous, Sedimentary, or Metamorphic?
Sedimentary
The Olivine group is usually composed of dark-colored mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. Which rock-forming mineral from the group is Mg-rich? Which one is Fe-rich?
Forsterite (Mg-rich); Fayalite (Fe-rich)
The garnet group has 2 subgroups, pyralspites and ugrandites. Enumerate their respective components(?).
Pyralspites - Pyrope, Almandine, Spessartine
Ugrandites - Uvarovite, Grossular, Andradite
The Amphibole Group is composed of hydrous minerals because they are not stable in anhydrous and high-temperature conditions where they tend to transform into ___________.
Pyroxenes
What are the 3 main sub-groups of the Amphibole Group?
Ca-poor (Ca + Na = ~0)
Ca-rich (Ca > Na)
Alkali Amphiboles
Mica Group comprises how many percent of the crust?
A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 3%
D. 4%
D. 4%
This group is the most abundant mineral group in the crust.
Feldspar Group
What are the 2 sub-groups of Feldspar Group and their respective composition?
Alkali Feldspar - potassium-rich (hence, K-felds)
Plagioclase Feldspar - Na-rich and Ca-rich end members
This group forms only when there is not enough silica available to form feldspars.
Feldspathoid Group
This mineral from the Silica Group is generally clear as individual grains, but in larger masses, it appears milky white.
Quartz
This is a subatomic particle that virtually no mass to an atom.
Electrons
Which part of the atom comprises nearly all of the atom’s mass?
Nucleus
TRUE or FALSE
In the periodic table of elements, a row is called a group, while a column is called a period.
FALSE. It’s the other way around. A row is called a period, while a column is called a group.
Which law states that when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties?
Periodic Law
What’s the difference between ductile and malleable in terms of their behavior?
Ductile materials can be stretched into thin wires, while malleable materials can be pounded into thin sheets.
Metals are solid at room temperature except __________.
Hg
When a material can somehow conduct heat and electricity while also having the properties of both metals and nonmetals, the material is referred to as __________.
Metalloid
What is the name of the chemical groups in Groups VIIA and VIIIA respectively?
Halogens (VIIA) and Noble Gases (VIIIA)
This group in the periodic table only has 1 valence electron.
Alkali Metals
Alkali Metals are dubbed as the most reactive metals. They also react violently when they come in contact with _________.
Water
This group of metals usually combine with oxygen to form oxides.
Transition Metals
What are the 4 Goldschmidt’s Classification of Elements?
Siderophile - elements that concentrate in an iron-rich liquid
Chalcophile - elements that concentrate in a sulfur-rich liquid
Lithophile - elements that concentrate in a silica-rich liquid
Atmophile - elements that form a gas
This is the amount of an element that has its weight in grams equal to its atomic weight. It always contains 6.022 x 10^23 atoms.
Mole
TRUE or FALSE
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, but the same number of protons.
TRUE
When an isotope’s nucleus is stable, it can be used to track what important and relevant phenomenon?
Climate Change
El Niño is what we are facing right now. If we do simple things, like planting trees, then we will not experience drought, right? So, if we start planting now, we will achieve ___________. Thank you!
La Niña HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA EME PADAYON!!!
TRUE or FALSE
Sulfides contain both S and O in their structures.
FALSE. Sulfides contain S, but no O, in their structures.
How do you make a crystal from a polyhedra?
It can be done by linking polyhedral units by sharing of some or all corners until they form a regularly repeating 3D structure, which is a crystal structure.
State the crustal abundance of elements, excluding the “other elements - 1.5%”.
O - 46.6%
Si - 27.7%
Al - 8.1%
Fe - 5%
Ca - 3.6%
Na - 2.8%
K - 2.6%
Mg - 2.1%
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the crust, but only the 2nd most abundant throughout the whole Earth. What element is the most abundant in the planet?
Iron
When a mineral exhibits a green color, which color/s from the visible light is/are reflected and which color/s is/are absorbed?
Reflected - Green
Absorbed - All other colors
This refers to a mineral that exhibits its ‘true’ color/s.
Idiochromatic Mineral
This is a mineral whose color/s is/are influenced by impurities or inclusions.
Allochromatic Mineral
This is usually a constant physical property of a mineral, irrespective of the presence of trace elements. It can be observed by rubbing the mineral on a piece of unglazed porcelain plate.
Streak
This property of a mineral refers to the appearance of mineral surfaces under scattered and reflected light, and is often observed on the freshly broken surfaces of a mineral.
Luster
This property is generally the degree of transparency of a mineral.
Diaphaneity
This type of minerals are luminescent during exposure to UV light, X-rays or cathode rays
Fluorescent Minerals
This type of luminescent minerals remain luminescent even after the existing rays are cut off. Provide an example.
Phosphorescent Minerals, e.g., diamond, ruby
TRUE or FALSE
Crystals form from tiny building blocks called unit cells, where each has varying atomic arrangement and/or structure.
FALSE. Each unit cell has an IDENTICAL atomic arrangement/structure.
What is the simplified term for the characteristic geometric shape of a crystal?
Form
This term refers to minerals with traces of crystalline structure such as poorly developed crystal faces.
A. Crystallized
B. Crystalline
C. Cryptocrystalline
D. Amorphous
C. Cryptocrystalline
This term refers to minerals with well developed crystals, such as rhombohedral calcite.
A. Crystallized
B. Crystalline
C. Cryptocrystalline
D. Amorphous
A. Crystallized
This term refers to a confused aggregate of imperfect crystal grains interfering with each other during the growth.
A. Crystallized
B. Crystalline
C. Cryptocrystalline
D. Amorphous
B. Crystalline
This term refers to the complete absence of crystalline structure (which rarely occurs), e.g. obsidian.
A. Crystallized
B. Crystalline
C. Cryptocrystalline
D. Amorphous
D. Amorphous
When crystals grow unhindered, they have well developed and clearly defined crystal faces. They are referred to as __________ crystals.
Euhedral Crystals
This is a more common type of crystal because, most of the time, crystals growing together result in crystals with deformed crystal faces and imperfect crystal forms.
Subhedral Crystals
This type of crystals have no crystal faces developed.
Anhedral Crystals
What is the difference between isometric and non-isometric forms based on crystal faces?
When crystals have various numbers of matching faces, such as a tertrahedron, they have isometric forms. When crystals have non-matching faces, like rhombohedron and dipyramid, they have non-isometric forms.
The ________ of a mineral refers to its general shape and pattern.
Habit
This habit of a mineral consists of separable plates or leaves, like wollastonite.
Lamellar
This habit is mutually intersecting spheroidal surface, but significantly larger than botryoidal.
Mamillated
What do you call a cleavage that is easily obtained and distinguished?
Excellent or perfect
What type of cleavage is described by two directions parallel to the prismatic faces but not intersecting at 90°?
Prismatic
This is similar to a very poor cleavage but it refers to breaking along planes of structural weakness due to crystal defects. It is generally not very recognizable.
Parting
These are very fine parallel lines or furrows on cleavage planes or crystal faces which form due to crystal structure and growth patterns.
Striations
This type of fracture is jagged with sharp points or edges.
Hackly
On Mohs Scale of Hardness, which common object can be used to test the hardness of corundum?
A. Steel file
B. Streak plate
C. Emery sandpaper
D. Knife sharpener
D. Knife sharpener
What is the general term for minerals that can be cut with a knife?
Sectile
What is the main difference between soft and hard minerals?
Soft minerals exhibit a hardness of 5.5 or less, significantly softer than the glass plate. Hard minerals, on the other hand, exhibit a hardness
of 5.5 or more, which are harder than the glass plate (i.e. they can scratch the glass).
What is the only mineral that shows hardness of 5 parallel to the length, but 7 across the length?
Kyanite
This refers to the cohesiveness of a mineral.
Tenacity
What is the hardness of Beryl on the Mohs Scale?
8 (Topaz)
What year was Mohs Scale developed? Who developed it and what was his nationality?
1812, Friedrich Mohs, German
