MIDTERMS - Day 2 Questions (no choices mostly) Flashcards
Which characteristic of a mineral is described when we talk about which elements constitutes a mineral?
A. Crystal Habit
B. Crystal Chemistry
C. Crystal Faces
D. Crystallography
B. Crystal Chemistry
Which characteristic of a mineral is described when we talk about how the elements are arranged in a mineral?
A. Crystal Habit
B. Crystal Chemistry
C. Crystal Faces
D. Crystallography
D. Crystallography
How does a true mineral behave at room temperature?
Stable
Crystals are formed by the __________ of the smallest division of their unique unit of structure.
A. Addition
B. Division
C. Subtraction
D. Repetition
D. Repetition
What do you call the smallest division of the unique unit of structure of crystals?
Unit Cell
TRUE OR FALSE
Temperature and pressure can influence the final form and composition of a mineral.
TRUE!!! Duh? (Chareng)
TRUE OR FALSE
Some physical properties are consistent and fixed while others vary.
TRUE
In terms of weight percentage, which element is by far the most dominant and is one of the most important anions in the study of terrestrial rocks?
Oxygen
___________ minerals have the same physical properties in all directions.
Isometric/Cubic
________ minerals have one pair of orthogonal axes, c-axis is unique, with all three angles between the axes = 90°.
Tetragonal
_________ minerals have one pair of orthogonal axes, c-axis is unique, with the angle between the a and b axes (γ angle) = 60 angle) = 60°or 120°.
Hexagonal
In _______ minerals, no axes lengths are the same, but 2 of the angles are 90°.
Monoclinic
In ________ minerals, no axes lengths are the same but the angles
between the axes are all 90°.
Orthorhombic
In _______ minerals, no 2 axes or angles between axes are the same.
Triclinic
What are the 2 main optical classes?
Isotropic and Anisotropic
Anisotropic minerals are subdivided into two, which are ________ and ________.
Uniaxial, Biaxial
Which crystal system/s is/are isotropic?
Isometric
Which crystal system/s is/are anisotropic?
Tetragonal, Hexagonal (Uniaxial)
Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, & Triclinic (Biaxial)
Why is the silica tetrahedron considered versatile?
Because of its ability to bond with other cations in different coordination states.
What is the range of the wavelength of visible light?
0.3 to 0.7 μm
How do you name a light/ray that has a shorter wavelength than the visible light?
Ultraviolet (UV) - 0.3 μm or shorter
How do you name a light/ray that has a longer wavelength than the visible light?
Infrared (IR) - >0.8 μm or longer
What is the term for the general shape of crystals?
Crystal Habit
Which one is a fixed property? Habit or Form?
Form, because it connotes a specific arrangement of atoms.
Why is habit not a fixed property?
Habit is not a fixed property because it is controlled by the environment, causing it to vary with locality.
Do crystal faces have a definite relationship with each other? Why or why not?
Yes, they do, because crystals have a direct relationship with the internal structure, which means that crystal faces have a definite relationship with each other.
Which scientist first observed the definite relationship of crystal faces and in what year?
Nicolaus Steno, 1669
Complete Steno’s Law:
“The angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same substance, measured at the same temperature, are ___________.”
Constant
Which mineral property is considered as the “most obvious” out of all the properties?
Color
_________ light is the combination of all the wavelengths detectable to the human eye.
A) White
B) Black
C) UV
D) Infrared
A) White
Which mineral property reveals the color of a mineral through powdered form?
Streak
Which mineral property is described as the ability of a mineral to reflect light?
Luster
What is the general luster of Quartz?
Vitreous
What is the luster of Diamond?
Adamantine
What is the term used to describe the tensile strength of a mineral?
Tenacity
On the Mohs Scale of Hardness, what is the hardness of the element that will usually scratch glass?
6 (Feldspar)
Which German chemist and mineralogist (full name) created the Mohs Scale of Hardness?
Friedrich Mohs
In the updated scale, which 2 elements were added on the scale as 11 and 12, respectively?
Wurtzite boron nitride and Lonsdaleite
Which principle is usually used to determine specific gravity?
Archimedes’ Principle
The work of Schrödinger and Heisenberg refined the model further, rejecting precise orbits, and promoting regions of electron occurrence, called ________.
Orbitals
TRUE or FALSE
The lowest energy orbitals are the farthest from the nucleus.
FALSE. The lowest energy orbitals are closest to the nucleus. As they get farther from the nucleus, the orbitals gain energy, causing their size to increase as they get farther.
How many electrons spinning in opposite directions can each orbital accommodate?
2
What is the main criteria that needs to be met in order for an ion to be created?
There must be an unequal number of protons and electrons.
What energy is required to remove the most weakly held electron from a neutral atom?
A. First Ionization Potential
B. Second Ionization Potential
C. First Ionization Energy
D. Second Ionization Energy
A. First Ionization Potential
These are isotopes produced by the decay of a radioactive material.
Radiogenic Isotope
Name 2 elements that have radiogenic isotopes.
Th, U, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, etc.
TRUE or FALSE
All true metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
It was discovered through XRF analysis that true metals have regular repetitive pattern of true crystalline solid.
FALSE. It was through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis.
In order for an ionic bond to form, the respective valence shells of both metallic and non-metallic atom must achieve what?
Both valence shells must achieve INERT GAS CONFIGURATION.
TRUE or FLASE
Ionic bonds are unidirectional.
FALSE. They are non-directional.
Which type of bond is usually a characteristic of minerals that are insoluble and generally quite stable?
Covalent Bond
In a case where a molecule has an equal attraction to the electrons, what type of polarization occurs in the bond?
A. Total Polarization
B. Partial Polarization
C. No Polarization
C. No Polarization
In a case where the electron has greater concentration towards a molecule, what type of polarization occurs in the bond?
A. Total Polarization
B. Partial Polarization
C. No Polarization
B. Partial Polarization
Electronegativity increases towards top-right-hand-side of Periodic Table and is measured on the Pauling Scale, which measures the relationship of what two variables?
Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity