MIDTERMS - Day 1 - Geomorphology Flashcards
It is a wind-eroded depression in the side of a cliff of a homogenous rock type, typically acted upon by wind abrasion of sand particles and/or by salt erosions.
Alcoves and Yardang Windows
It is formed when weathering, together with mass collapse (and in arid areas with wind erosion), creates a tunnel through a slab of rock; an aeolian landform.
Rock Arch and Window
It is a deeply incised, steep-sided river valley, where mesa, butte and chimneys are common.
Canyon
It is a large area of sand dunes.
Erg
It is also a pericline; formed by tectonic warping, igneous intrusions, or diapir (magmatic or salt).
Dome
What is the direction of the North Bohol Fault in Inabanga?
Reverse Dextral
At what age did the major kinematics of the Philippines occur?
Late Miocene
When was the last Ice Age?
Pleistocene
When is the age of flowering plants (angiosperms)?
Cretaceous
This is also known as the age of trilobites.
Cambrian
This is also known as the age of ammonites.
Jurassic-Cretaceous
This is also known as the age of fishes.
Devonian
This is a compound alluvial fan where neighboring alluvial fans converge into a single apron of deposits against a slope; also known as a coalescence of alluvial fans.
Bajada
What do you call submarine, circular, steep-sided holes formed by a sinkhole? This usually occurs in coral reefs.
Blue Hole
A butte is a small, steep-sided, flat-topped hill, built of flat-lying soft rocks capped by a more resistant layer of _______, _______, or _______, surrounded by a plain.
sedimentary rock, lava flow or duricrust
A bajada may contain very shallow lakes. What do you call these lakes?
Playas
Both cuesta and hogback are asymmetrical upland features that are usually associated with gently dipping rocks and comprising a steep scarp slope (or escarpment). How do they differ?
Cuesta’s dip slope is usually less than 30 degrees, while hogback is greater than 30 degrees. Cuesta also only has one side that is steep, while both sides of hogback are steep.
It is a long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel that are frequently several km long and are somewhat like railroad embankments.
Esker
This is made up of unsorted and unstratified sand and gravel, basically the opposite of esker.
Till
Both fault scarp and fault line scarp are steep slopes coinciding with the line of a fault. How do they differ?
Fault scarp is fresh, while fault line scarp is weathered.
What is the age of the universe?
13.7 BYA
What is the age of the solar system?
4.6 BYA
These are generally formed by the erosion of fault-bounded mountain ranges, and are arguably one of the most prominent geomorphic features on active normal fault scarps.
Triangular Facets/Triangular-shaped Facets
These are areas covered by large angular blocks (formed in situ), traditionally believed to have been created by freeze-thaw action.
Felsenmeer or Blockfield
Felsenmeer is a German term which means what?
Sea of Rocks
This is a type of sinkhole that is characterized by fissure enlargement, surface corrosion, and minor collapse.
Solution Doline
This is a type of sinkhole that is characterized by caves and fallen blocks from a sudden/progressive collapse.
Collapse Doline
This type of sinkhole is characterized by a cohesive soil that collapsed due to a fissure or cave beneath it.
Dropout Doline
This is a type of sinkhole that features a possible compaction depression underlying a fissure or cave.
Buried Doline
This is a type of sinkhole that is characterized by a stoping collapse.
Caprock Doline
This is a type of sinkhole that is characterized by a non-cohesive soil that washes into a fissure or cave.
Suffosion Doline
This is a distinctive feature found in karst landscapes that refers to the flat, exposed surface of a limestone or other soluble rock formation.
Clint
This is a deep, narrow fissure or crack that intersect the clint pavement, creating a fascinating contrast between the exposed flat surfaces and the crevices.
Grike/Bogaz
It is a small closed depression on horizontal and gently inclined rock surfaces.
Gnamma
This is a term used to describe a mountain top that has been modified by the action of ice during glaciation and frost weathering.
Glacial Horn
It is a tall, thin spire of soft (sedimentary) rock topped by harder, more resistant stone that protects each column from erosion.
Hoodoo/Demoiselle/Earth Pyramid/Fairy Chimney/Tent Rock
This is a large, perennial, conical, ice-cored mounds that are common in some low-lying permafrost areas dominated by fine-grained sediments, with the ice forming from injected water.
Hydrolaccoliths
Other term for hydrolaccoliths?
Pingo
It is a large, freestanding, residual mass of rock that is most well-known in granitic rocks and associated with glacial erratic, which is an isolated hill or mountain rising abruptly from a plain.
Inselberg
Other term for inselberg?
Tor/Monadnock
It is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water that otherwise separates them.
Isthmus
What is a famous example of a blue hole?
The Great XX in Belize
These are large, intrusive igneous formations formed from the solidification of magma deep within the Earth’s crust, often covering extensive areas and sometimes rising to the surface over millions of years through erosion.
Batholiths
These are concave-shaped intrusions where magma has accumulated in a basin-like manner, creating a lens-shaped structure.
Lopoliths
These are irregularly shaped igneous intrusions that often occur in clusters, typically emplaced in the crust as small magma chambers or as feeder systems for larger intrusive bodies.
Stocks
Arrange batholiths, lopoliths, and stocks in increasing size manner.
Stocks - Lopoliths - Batholiths
Arrange plateau, mesa, and butte in increasing size manner.
Butte - Mesa - Plateau
It is a geological structure that consists of material that was forced into more brittle surrounding rocks, usually by upward flow.
Diapir
This is a depositional landform produced by sedimentation at and around the mouth of a river.
Delta
Other term for river-dominated delta?
Arcuate
Other term for tide-dominated delta?
Estuarine
Other term for wave-dominated delta?
Cuspate or Dog Tooth
This is also known as cone karst or cockpit karst. These are groups of residual, steep-sided conical-shaped hills produced by limestone solution.
Kegelkarst
A Philippine example of kegelkarst.
Chocolate Hills, Bohol & Hundred Islands, Pangasinan
This is an umbrella term which covers an elaborately diverse group of small-scale solutional features and sculpturing found on limestone and dolomite surfaces exposed at the ground surface or in caves.
Karren
These are permafrost mounds by ice segregation within mineral soils that occur within the zone of discontinuous permafrost .
Lithalsas/Stone Rings
A meandering river valley that has cut down its bed into the bedrock, because of uplift or lowered base level, is called __________.
incised, intrenched, entrenched, enclosed, or ingrown
_________ form through the erosive action of sediment-laden water, particularly in streams and rivers, where the constant impact of sediment particles scours the rock surface, creating a distinctive concave-shaped cutout.
Abrasion Notches
________ are formed when a meandering river erodes through the neck of a meander loop, often during floods, creating a straighter course.
Oxbow Rivers
The process of oxbow river formation leaves behind a crescent-shaped lake called an _______. What happens to the abandoned meander loop?
Oxbow Lake; The abandoned meander loop becomes isolated from the main flow of the river.
This is a large karst depression that may sometimes be flooded by water and forms in karst landscapes through the dissolution of soluble bedrock, typically limestone, by acidic groundwater. May contain disappearing streams.
Poljes
How does Rio and Ria differ?
A Ria is a drowned river valley that forms when sea levels rise, inundating a river valley carved out by freshwater flow. In contrast, a Rio refers to a river in Spanish or Portuguese, typically used to describe any flowing body of water with a current, regardless of its specific geological context.
This is a type of limestone deposited by mineral springs, particularly hot springs, characterized by its dense and crystalline structure.
Travertine
This is a porous, lightweight form of limestone deposited by freshwater springs and streams, often forming intricate, porous structures such as terraces or cave formations.
Tufa
What species of primates are found in the Philippines?
Homo luzonensis
What is the oldest fossil in the Philippines? It is a rugose coral found in the province of Mindoro and is about 300 million years old (Pennsylvanian).
Gshelia sp.
What is the basic unit of stratigraphy?
Formation
This forms under a boulder, from which the rate of surface lowering may be evaluated.
Pedestal
What is the maximum years allowed for exploration?
8 years
What is the standard size for Philippine Maps?
A5
This is a global standard of transparency that requires oil, gas, and mining companies to publish what they pay to the government; and the government to publish what they collect from these companies.
Philippine Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (PH-EITI)
This represents the collective long-term vision and aspirations of the Filipino people for themselves and for the country in the next 25 years. It describes the kind of life that people want to live, and how the country will be by 2040. As such, it is an anchor for development planning across at least four administrations.
AmBisyon Natin 2040
This is a prominent limestone hill in an area of tower karst.
Mogote
It is an embankment that confines flow during high-water periods.
Levee
This indicates that meandering is still active/ongoing.
Belt of meander/train of meander
This is a headland, promontory, cape; point of land that extends out into a body of water; usually high and often with a sheer drop.
Ness
This is a sheet-like surface of rock fragments that remains after wind and water have removed the fine particles.
Reg
These are cavernous weathering hollows produced in vertical or near-vertical rock faces.
Tafoni (singular: Tafone)
This is a large hollow or depression in limestone areas that are produced when several sinkholes or dolines coalesce.
Uvala
This feature is created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano.
Volcanic Neck/Pipe
Corrosional notches at the cliff foot usually have protruding _______ above them and _____ below them.
Visor; Plinths
A tributary stream that is prevented from joining the main river because of the levees which flank the latter.
Yazoo
This feature resembles the hull of a boat.
Yardang
Other term for yardang?
Zeugen
Other term for grike?
Bogaz
This is a pinnacle karst. Solution notch are usually associated with this.
Shillin
TRUE or FALSE
River bank is always adjacent to the river.
FALSE
Arrange bay, cove, and gulf in increasing size manner.
Cove - Bay - Gulf
This is a polished rock caused by sand abrasion.
Ventifacts
This is a clast (rock fragment) that shows two clear facets created by the action of wind-blown sand.
Zweikanter
This is the lowest point of a ridge between two peaks. It contains water from glacial action(?)
Col
This is the rapid abandonment of a river channel and the formation of a new river channel.
Avulsion
This is a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream.
Paternoster Lakes
What is the basis for a formation to be called a formation?
It should be mappable.
How many SDGs are there?
17
Arrange fin, hoodoo, plateau, window in order of increasing manner.
Plateau - Fin - Window - Hoodoo
This is a shallow canyon formed over a larger canyon by glacial erosion.
Hanging Valley
