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MCN > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

rely on detecting when a woman will be fertile (capable of

impregnation) so she can use a period of abstinence during that time.

A

Fertility awareness methods

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2
Q

Ways to determine fertile period: using a ______ to calculate the period based on a set
formula, using a “_______; observing the _________; or employing
a combination of these methods

A

calendar
Cycle Bead”
consistency of cervical mucus

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3
Q

Fertility awareness methods consider the typical _______ and the ________

A

length of sperm survival (from 3 to 5 days)

length of time an ova is ripe for fertilization (about 1 day)

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4
Q

Fertility awareness method, a fertile period exists from about ________

A

5 days before ovulation to 1 day after

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5
Q

Requires a couple to abstain from coitus (sexual relations) on the days of a menstrual
cycle when the woman is most likely to conceive_______

A

Calendar (Rhythm) method

(3 or 4 days after ovulation).

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6
Q

In Calendar (Rhythm) method, woman keeps a diary of _________

A

six menstrual cycles

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7
Q

To calculate for “safe” days, _______ from the shortest cycle documented = _______

A

subtract 18

first fertile day

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8
Q

_______ from longest cycle = ______

A

Subtract 11

last fertile day

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9
Q

Just before the day of ovulation, a woman’s basal body temperature (BBT), or the temperature of her body at rest, falls about ______

A

0.5° F.

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10
Q

To use this method, the woman takes her temperature each morning immediately after
waking either orally or with an ear thermometer before she undertakes any activity; this is her BBT.

A

Basal Body Temperature Method

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11
Q

At the time of ovulation, her BBT rises a full degree because of the influence of _____ . This higher level is then
maintained for the rest of her menstrual cycle.

A

progesterone

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12
Q

Basal Body Temperature Method. She refrains from having coitus for the next 3 days (the life of the discharged ovum). Because sperm can survive for at least _____ in the
female reproductive tract,%

A

4 days

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13
Q

Basal Body Temperature Method is usually recommended that the couple combine this
method with a _______ , so that they abstain for a few days before ovulation as
well.

A

calendar method

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14
Q

The calendar method has an ideal failure rate of ___, a typical rate of ____

A

9%

25%

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15
Q

Another method to predict ovulation is to use the changes in cervical mucus that occur naturally with ovulation.

A

Cervical Mucus Method

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16
Q

Another method to predict ovulation is to use the changes in cervical mucus that occur naturally with ovulation.

A

Cervical Mucus Method

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17
Q

_____each month, the cervical mucus is thick and does not stretch when pulled between the thumb and finger.

A

Before ovulation

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18
Q

_________ mucus secretion increases.

A

Just before ovulation,

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19
Q

With ________ cervical mucus becomes copious, thin, watery, and
transparent. It feels slippery and stretches at least 1 inch before the strand breaks,

A

ovulation (the peak day),

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20
Q

refers to the stretchy, egg white quality of cervical fluids around ovulation, stretches at least 1 inch before the strand breaks,

A

Spinnbarkeit mucus

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21
Q

Ovulation (the peak day), ______ and an ______ to the cervix occur.

A

breast tenderness

anterior tilt

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22
Q

All the days on which cervical mucus is copious, and for at least ______
afterward, are considered to be fertile days, or days on which the woman should abstain
from coitus to avoid conception

A

1 day

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23
Q

Cervical Mucus Method. A woman using this method must be conscientious about assessing her __________- every day.

A

vaginal secretions

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24
Q

The feel of vaginal secretions after sexual relations is unreliable,
because _____ (the fluid containing sperm from the male) has a watery,
postovulatory consistency and can be confused with ovulatory mucus. %

A

seminal fluid

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25
Q

The Cervical Mucus Method. typical failure rate is about

A

25%

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26
Q

is a simple and effective natural or fertility awareness-based
method (FABM) of family planning that relies on the presence of cervical secretions (fluid) as a sign that a woman may be fertile.

A

Two Day Method

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27
Q

By observing these _____ , couples can plan when to have intercourse and when to avoid intercourse, depending on whether they are trying to achieve or avoid pregnancy.

A

changes. menstrual cycle, a number of changes occur in a woman’s body.

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28
Q

Research has shown that the _______ is a reliable marker of

fertility in a woman’s menstrual cycle.

A

presence of cervical secretions

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29
Q

Cervical secretions are necessary for____ in the female genital tract.

A

sperm survival

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30
Q

The Two Day Method uses the _________- to help a woman

determine if she may be fertile.

A

presence of cervical secretions

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31
Q

This method is based on a simple algorithm requiring
only that the woman determine the presence or absence of cervical secretions on a daily
basis

A

Two Day Method

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32
Q

Results from a clinical trial found the Two Day Method is _____ effective at preventing
pregnancy with perfect use and then ____ effective with typical use.

A

96%

86%

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33
Q

The _______ is a natural and healthy fertility awareness based
method (FABM) of family planning that makes use of a woman’s observations of her cervical fluid, basal body temperature (waking temperature) and other biological signs
(e.g., changes in the cervix) in order to identify the fertile and infertile times of her cycle.

A

Sympto-Thermal Method (STM)

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34
Q

“Sympto” stands for the symptom of ______, which changes under the influence of the woman’s reproductive hormone, _____

A

cervical fluid

estrogen

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35
Q

“Thermal” stands for the _______ which rises after a woman ovulates (when the ovary releases an
egg).

A

basal body temperature (BBT),

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36
Q

Research shows that both are reliable signs of fertility.

A

rise basal body temperature (BBT),

cervical fluid

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37
Q

The _____ teaches couples to cross- check the two primary signs to confirm their time of fertility, when a couple will most likely become pregnant if they have sexual relations

A

Sympto-Thermal Method

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38
Q

With STM, women learn to observe __________- and record the characteristics of their secretions on a daily basis.

A

cervical fluid secretions

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39
Q

Cervical fluid is produced in the woman’s cervix, which is located internally at the _________-.

A

opening to her uterus or womb

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40
Q

After menstruation, if a woman does not

feel or see cervical fluid in the vaginal area, she is probably ______.

A

not fertile

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41
Q

The _______-

marks the start of the fertile period

A

onset of cervical fluid

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42
Q

The fluid becomes clear, stretchy and slippery as ______.

A

ovulation

approaches

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43
Q

After ovulation the fluid dries, indicating the ___________

A

end of a woman’s fertile period.

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44
Q

Is your temperature when you first wake from sleep.

A

Basal body temperature

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45
Q

BBT is lower in the _______ and rises right _____ under the influence of the woman’s
reproductive hormone, progesterone. It stays high for the rest of the cycle.

A

first part of the cycle,

after ovulation

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46
Q

Sympto-Thermal Method perfectly, it is ______ effective in avoiding pregnancy (______effective with typical use).

A

99.4-99.6%

98-99%

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47
Q

____________ follows a standard rule of what days during the menstrual
cycle are the most fertile.

A

Standard Days method

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48
Q

Standard Days method is designed for women who have menstrual cycles between ______ because the
Standard Days method considers days _____to be the most fertile days.

A

26-32 days

8–19

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49
Q

is a circle of beads that helps a woman predict fertile days.

A

CycleBeads

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50
Q

CycleBeads

First bead on the ring_____- first day of the menstrual flow

A

is red

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51
Q

CycleBeads

Followed by _______ -“safe” day

A

6 brown beads

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52
Q

CycleBeads
_________ - mark fertile days (during which she needs to
abstain from coitus)

A

12 glow in the dark white beads

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53
Q

CycleBeads

____ additional brown “safe” days follow with 1 dark brown bead appearing on the ______

A

13

27th day

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54
Q

CycleBeads is used by _____ per day during the month.

A

advancing one bead

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55
Q

However, the Standard Days method will not be reliable:
o If ______ before she begins her next menses
- cycle is too short
o If _______ before menses - cycle is
too long

A

she reaches a dark brown bead (27th day)

she reaches the end of the string of beads (32 days)

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56
Q

The Standard Days method system is easy to use and easy to understand; most women, however, need to use a
____ to check off daily that they have moved a bead or they can lose track of the system.

A

calendar

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57
Q

An efficacy trial showed SDM to be more than ____ effective with correct use and ____
effective with typical use.

A

95%

88%

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58
Q

Ovulation detection
_______ is the release of an egg from its follicle in one of a woman’s two ovaries. It is
one of the most important factors in conceiving a child.

A

Ovulation

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59
Q

There are several ways to detect ovulation, including urine test kits to measure ______,
_________,
_________, blood tests to measure _______, and
the__________.

A

LH levels
transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial biopsy,
hormone levels, and
the basal body temperature (BBT) chart.

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60
Q

One method to predict ovulation is by the use of an over-the-counter ovulation detection
kit. These kits:
o detect the midcycle surge of ___________ that can be detected in urine
____________
o _____accurate in predicting ovulation.

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)
12-24 hours before ovulation.
98-100%

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61
Q

Ovulation detection is not intended to be used as a contraceptive aid, however, combining
a ______ and the ovulation detector to mark the peak fertile day is
becoming the method of choice for many families

A

cervical mucus assessment

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62
Q

This method combines the use of ovulation detection with other signs of ovulation (cervical mucus,
BBT, cervix position and softness) to avoid pregnancy during a women’s fertile period.

A

Marquette Model

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63
Q

The Marquette Method is a fertility awareness method (FABM) or form natural family planning (NFP) which uses an ________ identify infertile days.

A

electronic hormonal fertility monitor

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64
Q

Women using the Marquette Method of NFP track their reproductive hormone levels each day by
performing a _______ and using a ________ to read the results.

A

simple urine test

Clearblue fertility monitor

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65
Q

Marquette Method
Within minutes of conducting the test, the monitor digitally displays one of three readings—low, high, or
peak—which indicates the woman’s _______that day. This information—together with the
________ —provides couples with
a highly accurate home-based method of fertility measurement.

A

hormone levels

Marquette Method instructions, algorithm, and method of charting

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66
Q

Marquette Method
Regular cycles – _____ effective in perfect use, ___ effective in typical use
Breastfeeding women – ___ effective in perfect use, ___ effective in typical use

A

98.4%
98%
98%
92%

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67
Q

What Materials Do I Need and How Much Does it Cost?

A

Clearblue advanced disposable test sticks

Clearblue fertility monitor

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68
Q

_________ allows Marquette to
identify the LH surge, which (short of ultrasounds) is the most precise method available to identify
the day of ovulation.

A

Urinary testing

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69
Q

there are a maximum of ______ per cycle during which sex could
result in a pregnancy.

A

6 days

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70
Q

Marquette (just like other forms of NFP) identifies a _____ that is
longer than this biological minimum.

A

fertile window

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71
Q

Even women with very regular cycles who are well

established with the Marquette Method can expect to abstain ______

A

11 to 12 days per cycle

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72
Q

The Marquette Method of NFP offers women the option to track three different biological
indicators of fertility, either alone or in combination. These three indicators are:

A

Urinary hormone levels:
Cervical mucus
Basal body temperatures

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73
Q

Primarily we use the Clearblue fertility monitor to track

_____ and _____ throughout the woman’s cycle.

A

estrogen

LH levels

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74
Q

Marquette users may also
choose to incorporate other tests that measure hormone levels in urine, including
_____, which measure LH levels, and _____, which track the woman’s
progesterone levels.

A

Ovulation Tests

Proov tests

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75
Q

Are forms of birth control that work by the placement of a chemical or other barrier between the cervix and advancing sperm so that sperm cannot enter the uterus or fallopian tubes and fertilize the ovum.

A

Barrier methods

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76
Q

A major advantage of barrier methods is that they lack the________- associated with COCs. However, compared with COCs, their ______ are higher and _______ may be lessened.

A

hormonal side effects
failure rates
sexual enjoyment

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77
Q

A _______ is an agent that causes the death of spermatozoa before they can enter the cervix.

A

spermicide

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78
Q

Spermicide also change the vaginal pH to a ______, a condition not conducive to sperm survival. They do not protect against ___.

A

strong acid level

STIs

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79
Q

When used in conjunction with another contraceptive, they increase the other method’s effectiveness.
Various preparations are available, including gels, creams, sponges, films, foams, and suppositories.

A

Spermicide

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80
Q

are inserted into the vagina before coitus with an applicator.

A

Gels or creams

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81
Q

Gels or creams
The woman should do this ________- before coitus for the most effective results. She should not douche to remove the spermicide for ____ after coitus, to ensure that the agent has completed its spermicidal action.

A

no more than 1 hour

6 hours

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82
Q

Another form of spermicidal protection is a _______ impregnated with a spermicidal agent that is folded and inserted vaginally.

A

film of glycerin

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83
Q

film of glycerin
On contact with vaginal secretions or precoital penile emissions, the film dissolves and a ______ forms to protect the cervix against invading spermatozoa.

A

carbon dioxide foam

84
Q

filled with a spermicide. Inserted vaginally, these dissolve and release the spermicidal ingredients. Because it takes about ________ for a suppository to dissolve, it must be ____ before coitus.

A

cocoa butter and glycerin- based vaginal suppositories
15 minutes
inserted 15 minutes

85
Q

______ that are moistened to activate the impregnated spermicide and then inserted vaginally to block sperm access to the cervix.

A

Sponges are foam-impregnated synthetic sponges

86
Q

Sponges are foam-impregnated synthetic sponge
Well-liked by most users, they are easy to insert and have an efficiency rate of ____ and a typical use failure rate of about ____
They should remain in place for _____ after intercourse to ensure sperm destruction.

A

80% (ideal)
60%
6 hours

87
Q

Vaginally inserted spermicidal products are contraindicated in women with _______ because they might further irritate the cervix.

A

acute cervicitis

88
Q

Chemical barrier (spermicide) are generally inappropriate for couples who must prevent conception (perhaps because the woman is taking a drug that would be harmful to a fetus or the couple absolutely does not want the responsibility of children), because the overall failure rate of all forms of these products is about ____.

A

20%

89
Q

Vaginal suppositories, because of the _______, are the most bothersome in this regard.

A

cocoa butter or glycerin base

90
Q

Effect on Sexual Enjoyment Spermicide

Some couples find the ______ irritating to vaginal and penile tissue during coitus and therefore are unable to use them.

A

foam or moisture

91
Q

Many adolescents use vaginal products as their chief method of birth control because _________ is involved. Caution adolescents that this method has a high failure rate ____.

A

no parental permission or extensive expense

20%

92
Q

The __________ is not recommended for women near menopause as this is a time in life when vaginal secretions are lessening so the film or suppository might not dissolve completely.

A

use of vaginal film or suppositories

93
Q

______ can help lubricate the vagina and so increase sexual enjoyment.

A

Spermicide foam

94
Q

_______ are appealing to postpartal women as these can be purchased over the counter and used in the time period before a postpartal checkup when a more permanent form of contraception will be prescribed. They have no effect on breastfeeding.

A

Vaginal spermicides

95
Q

work by blocking the entrance of sperm into the cervix.

A

Mechanical barriers, such as a diaphragm

96
Q

A _____ is a circular rubber disk that is placed over the cervix before intercourse.

A

diaphragm

97
Q

A ______, made of silicone rubber and bowl shaped, is a new design.

A

Lea’s Shield

98
Q

______ is not required for diaphragms, however, the use of a ______ with a diaphragm combines a barrier and a chemical method of contraception.

A

Spermicide

spermicidal gel

99
Q

The failure rate of the diaphragm is as low as ______ to _____

A

6% (ideal)

16% (typical use)

100
Q

A diaphragm is prescribed and fitted initially by a _____, __________ , __________to ensure a correct fit.

A

physician, nurse practitioner, or nurse-midwife

101
Q

The shape of a woman’s _____ changes with pregnancy, miscarriage, cervical surgery
(dilatation and curettage [D&C]), or elective termination of pregnancy

A

cervix

102
Q

A woman should also have the fit of the diaphragm checked if she gains or loses more than ____. This could also change her ____ and _______

A

15 lb.
pelvic
vaginal contours

103
Q

A diaphragm is inserted into the vagina, after first coating the ___ and _____ with a spermicide gel, by sliding it along the posterior wall and pressing it up against the cervix so that it is held in place by the _______.

A

rim and center portion

vaginal fornices

104
Q

A woman should check her diaphragm with a______ after insertion to be certain that it is fitted well up over the cervix; she can palpate the _____ through the diaphragm.

A

finger

cervical os

105
Q

A diaphragm should remain in place for at least ______ after coitus, because spermatozoa remain viable in the vagina for that length of time. It may be left in place for as long as _____

A

6 hours

24 hours.

106
Q

If diaphragm is left in the vagina longer than 24 hours , the stasis of fluid may cause _________ or _______

A 
cervical inflammation (erosion)
urethral irritation.
107
Q

A diaphragm is removed by inserting a _____ into the vagina and loosening the diaphragm by pressing against the _____ and then withdrawing it vaginally.

A

finger

anterior rim

108
Q

A _____ has an attached rubber loop to grasp for easy removal.

A

Lea’s Shield

109
Q

After use, a diaphragm should be washed in _____ and ____, _____, and stored in its _____.

A

mild soap
water
dried gently
protective case

110
Q

With this care, a diaphragm will last for ___ to ______.

A

2 to 3 years

111
Q

Side Effects and Contraindications.
Diaphragms may not be effective if the uterus is ____, _____, _____ to such a degree that the cervix is also displaced in relation to the vagina.

A

prolapsed, retroflexed, or anteflexed

112
Q

Intrusion on the vagina by a _____ or _____, in which the walls of the vagina are displaced by bladder or bowel, may make insertion of a diaphragm difficult.

A

cystocele or rectocele

113
Q

Users of diaphragms may experience a higher number of _______ than nonusers, probably because of pressure on the urethra.

A

urinary tract infections (UTIs)

114
Q

Diaphragms should not be used in the presence of ______ or a _____
The close contact of the rubber and the use of a spermicide can cause additional irritation.

A

acute cervicitis

papillomavirus infection

115
Q

Other contraindications include:

o History of ______ (TSS; staphylococcal infection introduced through the vagina)

A

toxic shock syndrome

116
Q

Other contraindications include:
Allergy to______
History of recurrent ____

A

rubber or spermicides

UTIs

117
Q

To prevent TSS while using a diaphragm, advise women to:

  1. Wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water before insertion or removal.
  2. Do not use a diaphragm during _____
  3. Do not leave a diaphragm in place longer than ____.
  4. Be aware of the symptoms of TSS, such as _____, ____, _____, _____, and _______
  5. If symptoms of TSS should occur, immediately remove the diaphragm and call a health care provider.
A

a menstrual period.
24 hours
elevated temperature, diarrhea, vomiting, muscle aches, and a sunburn-like rash.

118
Q

Effect on Sexual Enjoyment.
Some women dislike using diaphragms because they must be inserted before coitus (although they may be inserted up to _____beforehand, minimizing this problem) and they should be left in place for _____ afterward

A

2 hours

6 hours

119
Q

Effect on Sexual Enjoyment.
Use of a ___ as a part of foreplay, ______, or the ______ during coitus may dislodge a diaphragm; therefore, this may not be the contraceptive of choice for some couples.

A

vibrator
frequent penile insertion
woman-superior position

120
Q

If coitus is repeated before 6 hours the diaphragm should not be removed and replaced, but more ______ should be added.

A

spermicidal gel

121
Q

An advantage of the diaphragm is that it allows _________ (although see the earlier precaution on TSS).

A

sexual relations during menses

122
Q

It may offer some protection against ____. If a woman should become pregnant while using a diaphragm, there is no risk of harm to the fetus.

A

STIs

123
Q

Use by the Adolescent
Adolescents may be fitted for diaphragms.
However, because an adolescent girl’s vagina will ____ as she matures and begins sexual relations, the device may not remain as effective as it does with older women.

A

change in size

124
Q

Adolescents may need to be reminded that_______ will be necessary to ensure that a diaphragm continues to fit properly.

A

pelvic examinations

125
Q

Some adolescents may not know where their cervix is or how to feel for it when checking the placement of the diaphragm.
o Use an _______ to show them or give them a _____ to use to view their own cervix during a pelvic examination.
o Caution them not to accidentally tear the diaphragm with_______.

A

anatomic diagram or model
mirror
long or sharp fingernails

126
Q

Use by the Perimenopausal Woman
• Women over age 35 have a higher incidence of __________ than younger women so diaphragms may not be the ideal contraceptive for them.

A

cystocele or rectocele

127
Q

Use by the Postpartal Woman
• As the cervix changes considerably with childbirth, women must be refitted for diaphragms and cervical caps after childbirth.
o This is usually done at a ______ checkup.

A

4- or 6-week

128
Q

It is a barrier method of contraception.

A

Cervical Cap

129
Q

Are made of soft rubber, and are shaped like a thimble with a thin rim, and fit snugly over the uterine cervix.

A

• Caps

130
Q

The cervical cap is held in place by _____ and has a _____ to help with removal.

A

suction

strap

131
Q

The cervical cap is effective at preventing pregnancy only when used with ________

A

spermicide.

132
Q

Cervical cap. The failure rate is estimated to be as high as ____ (ideal) to ___ (typical use).

A

26%

32%

133
Q

Only one cervical cap — _____ — has Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the U.S. It must be fitted and prescribed by a _____, but can be purchased online if you have a current prescription.

A

FemCap

doctor

134
Q

____ tend to dislodge more readily than diaphragms during coitus.

A

Caps

135
Q

Cervical cap can remain in place longer than the diaphragms, because they __________;

A

do not pressure on the vaginal walls or urethral

136
Q

Cervical cap . This time period should not exceed _______, to prevent cervical irritation.

A

48 hours

137
Q

Cervical cap includes ______ which can be grasped for easily removal.

A

small strap

138
Q 
Cervical caps are contraindicated in any woman who has:
• An abnormally \_\_\_\_\_\_
A previous abnormal\_\_\_\_\_\_
• A history of \_\_\_\_
An allergy to \_\_\_\_\_\_
• A history of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• A history of \_\_\_\_\_\_
• An undiagnosed \_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
short or long cervix
 Pap smear
TSS
latex or spermicide
pelvic inflammatory disease, cervicitis, or papillomavirus infection
cervical cancer
vaginal bleeding
139
Q

It is a latex rubber or synthetic sheath that is placed over the erect penis before coitus or sexual intercourse to trap the sperm.

A

Male Condom

140
Q

Male Condom has an ideal failure rate of ___ and about ___for the typical failure rate since breakage of condom or spillage occurs

A

2%

15%

141
Q

Advantages of male condom
• ______ have an addition potential of prevention of STIs spread
• The use of it has become a fundamental part of the fight to prevent _____

A

Latex condoms

infection with HIV

142
Q

Side Effects and Contraindicaion
• Sensitivity to latex
a. If either of the party has a sensitivity to latex, he can use a _____ or ______.
b. However, caution should be taken because ______ do not give same level of protection against STIs as does latex.

A

polyurethrane
natural membrane condom type
polyurethrane

143
Q

Side Effects and Contraindicaion

• Condoms must be placed before any _______ because even preejaculation fluid may contain some sperm.

A

penile-vulvar contact

144
Q

Side Effects and Contraindicaion
• It should be positioned so that it is ____ enough at the penis tip to collect the ejaculate without placing undue pressure on the condom.
• The penis, with the condom held in place, must be withdrawn before it begins to become _____ after ejaculation.
• If not withdrawn at the time, sperm may leak from the now loosely fitting sheath into the vagina.

A

loose

flaccid

145
Q

Effect on Sexual Enjoyment

• Some men find that condoms ___- their enjoyment of coitus

A

dull

146
Q

It is a latex sheaths made of polyurethane and prelubricated with a _______.

A

Female Condoms

spermicide

147
Q

Female Condoms has an inner closed end ring which covers the _____ and the outer open end ring that is put against the _______.

A

cervix

vaginal opening

148
Q

Female Condoms may be inserted any time before the _______ and be removed after ejaculation.

A

sexual activity

149
Q

Female Condoms can only be used once and it acts as protective barrier against unwanted pregnancy and STIs. Though, it is not commonly used because it is __________-
• The condom can be bought without a prescription and is ______ than male condoms.
• Male and female condoms must not be used simultaneously.
• The failure rate in using female condoms is higher ____ than male condoms _____. The failure happens when it is used improperly and inconsistently.

A

difficult to use and its bulky.
more expensive
(22%)
(12%)

150
Q

E. Surgical Method

__________ is considered a permanent method of contraception.

A

Sterilization

151
Q

In certain cases, sterilization can be ______ but the success of this procedure is not guaranteed.

A

reversed,

152
Q

It is often called ______ including tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men.

A

sterilization,

153
Q

_______ was chosen as contraceptive choice by about 28% of women in the USA. While, 11% of men choses _____.

A

Tubal ligation

vasectomy

154
Q

Tubal ligation and

vasectomy are most frequently used methods of contraception in USA for ages _____

A

30 years of age and above

155
Q

The surgical procedure is _______, in which the fallopian tubes are cut or sealed. It’s sometimes referred to as getting your tubes tied. The procedure is usually performed using a minimally invasive surgery called _______ . It is the most effective method to prevent pregnancy.

A

tubal ligation

laparoscopy.

156
Q

_______ is important with people younger than 30 years old because it can cause divorce, death of a sexual partner, and loss of a child.

A

Counseling

157
Q

It is for males who wanted permanent birth control.

A

Vasectomy

158
Q

Vasectomy

Usually, the _______ is being cut using a scalpel (______).

A

skin of the scrotum

Scalpel technique‖

159
Q

________ has become popular because of less bleeding, fewer complications and fast recovery.

A

no scalpel technique‖

160
Q

It is a small puncture or incision wound (―no scalpel technique‖) is made below the scrotum for access to the______. The duct is brought up to the small hole.

A

vas deferens

161
Q 
The vas deferens on each side are
\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_ resulting in the
blocking the passage of spermatozoa
or prevents the sperm from entering
into the urethra.
A

pulled forward, cut and tied cauterized, or plugged

162
Q

The ______is a tube where the sperm passes thru from the testicle (scrotum) into the urethra

A

vas deferens

163
Q

Vasectomy

_______ is used in an ambulatory setting, or clinics.

A

Local anesthesia

164
Q

Vasectomy

Man can experience a local pain afterwards, and be given _____ and applying ____ to the site.

A

mild analgesic

ice

165
Q

Vasectomy
It is said to be _____ effective; however, the
spermatozoa present in vas deferens are still
viable as long as _____. Thus, it is
recommended for males to use additional
birth control who resume sexual intercourse
______ (usually _______
must be done to eliminate all sperms in the
vas deferens) . A ____ should be done to know
if he is now sterile

A 
99.5% 
6 months. 
within 1 week.
10 to 20 ejaculation
test
166
Q

Vasectomy
The production of sperm continues but the
sperm does not pass beyond the_______ and are absorbed at that point.

A

plugged vas

deferens

167
Q

Vasectomy.
The man will still have full _____ or ____and can still produce
______.

A

erection or ejaculation

testosterone

168
Q

Vasectomy.
He continues to form
_______ and ejaculate it but without sperm

A

seminal fluid

169
Q

Vasectomy
Complications were observed such as:
_______ at surgical site and seen less frequently with “no scalpel” or
puncture incisions

A

Hematoma

170
Q

Vasectomy

Development of ______ ________ after vasectomy (post vasectomy pain syndrome)

A

Urolithiasis (kidney stones)

Chronic pain

171
Q

is a nonsurgical form
of permanent birth control in which a physician
inserts a ______
into each one of a woman’s two Fallopian tubes
via a scope passed through the cervix into the
uterus (hysteroscope), and from there into the
openings of the Fallopian tubes.

A

Hysteroscopic sterilization

4-centimeter (1.6 inch) long metal coil

172
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization
Over the next few months, tissue grows over the
coil to form a plug that prevents fertilized eggs
from traveling from the ____________.

A

ovaries to the uterus.

173
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization
The procedure takes about __________, can be
done in a doctor’s office, and usually requires only a _________

A

30 minutes

local anesthetic.

174
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization
During a 3-month period after the coils are inserted, women must use other forms of birth control until their physician verifies by an imaging test known as a ____________ that the Fallopian tubes are completely blocked.

A

hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

175
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization
Like tubal ligation, this form of sterilization is permanent (not reversible) and is designed as an alternative to __________ which requires general anesthesia and an incision.

A

surgical sterilization

176
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization

About _______ who have the procedure develop side effects, mainly due to ______.

A

6% of women

improper placement of the coils

177
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization Possible Complications
o Improper ______ or _____ of the device.
o Tubes are _______.
o Injury to the _______
o Rupture of _____ during the procedure.
o _____ pain.
o ______ or _____pregnancy.

A 
placement or slipping
not completely blocked
uterus or fallopian tubes.
fallopian tube 
Chronic
Unintended or ectopic
178
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization Before your procedure, talk to your doctor about ways to manage factors that may increase your risk of complications, such as:
o ______, __________. Chronic disease, such as ________

A

Smoking, Drinking

diabetes or obesity

179
Q

Hysteroscopic sterilization This form of sterilization, like other methods of surgical sterilization, does not protect a woman or her partner from __________. It is done to prevent pregnancy. It does not stop periods.

A

sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

180
Q

Is a type of permanent birth control wherein the fallopian tubes are occluded by cautery, crushing, clamping, or blocking, thereby preventing passage of both _______and thus permanently prevent pregnancy.

A

Tubal Ligation

sperm and ova

181
Q

Tubal Ligation is said to have a ______ effectiveness rate.

A

99.5%

182
Q

The reasons are unclear, tubal ligation is also associated with decreased incidence of _______

A

ovarian cancer

183
Q

tubal ligation is commonly achieved through an operation called a _______, wherein an incision as small as 1 cm is made just under the woman’s umbilicus under general or local anaesthesia, after ____________, and a lighted laparoscope is inserted through the incision.

A

laparoscopy

menstrual flow and before ovulation

184
Q

Tubal ligation. __________ is then pumped into the incision to lift the abdominal wall upward and out of the line of vision. The surgeon locates the _______ by viewing the field through a laparoscope.

A

Carbon dioxide

fallopian tubes

185
Q

Tubal ligation. An electrical current to coagulate tissue is then passed through the instrument for ________-, or the tubes are clamped by plastic, metal, or rubber rings, then cut or filled with a silicone gel to seal them. The procedure provides immediate contraception.

A

3 to 5 seconds

186
Q

Tubal ligation. can also be done by _______ (a tube inserted through the posterior fornix of the vagina) or ______ (incision through the vagina), but the incidence of pelvic infection is higher with these procedures and visualization is less. The woman is discharged from the hospital a few hours after the procedure. She may notice ________ for the first 24 hours, until the carbon dioxide infused at the beginning of the procedure is absorbed. This can also cause ________- or _______ if some of the carbon dioxide escapes under the diaphragm and presses on ascending nerves.

A

culdoscopy
colpotomy
abdominal bloating
sharp diaphragmatic or shoulder pain

187
Q

Tubal ligation. Complications include ______, _________ and the _______with the procedure.

A

bowel perforation, hemorrhage

risks of general anesthesia

188
Q

Tubal ligation. Complications include

A woman may notice a day or two of ________ caused by local necrosis if clips were used.

A

abdominal discomfort

189
Q

Tubal ligation.
As soon as _____ after the procedure, the woman may return to having coitus.
The patient must understand that unlike hysterectomy, this procedure does not affect the menstrual cycle, thus they will continue to have a ____________

The woman must __________before the procedure since sperm may be trapped in the tube and cause an _____

A

2 to 3 days
monthly menstrual flow (or otherwise their irregular cycle)
not have unprotected coitus
ectopic pregnancy

190
Q

Tubal ligation. Contraindications:
o _____ (Bowel perforation may occur)
o Extensive obesity (May require a______ to allow adequate visualization)

A

Hernia

full laparotomy

191
Q

Tubal ligation. Reconstruction of cauterized fallopian tubes comes with great difficulty and risk of __________
If a ______ was used as a blocking agent, it may be removed to reverse the procedure

A

ectopic pregnancy.

silicone gel

192
Q

Is a surgical procedure done to remove a woman’s uterus (womb). In this surgery the whole uterus is removed. The doctor may also remove the _________ and ______ in this procedure.

A

Hysterectomy
fallopian tubes
ovaries

193
Q

After a hysterectomy, a woman will no longer experience ________ and cannot become _________anymore.

A

menstrual periods

pregnant

194
Q

There are four main types of hysterectomy namely:

o __________ – Most commonly performed operation. The ____ and the _____ are removed in this procedure.

A

Total hysterectomy
womb
cervix

195
Q

The main body of the womb is removed but the cervix is left in place

A

Subtotal hysterectomy

196
Q

The womb, the cervix, the fallopian tubes (salpingectomy), and the ovaries (oophorectomy) are removed.

A

Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo – oophorectomy

197
Q

The womb as well as the surrounding tissues are removed. This also includes the removal of the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, a part of the vagina, lymph glands, and fatty tissues.

A

Radical hysterectomy

198
Q

There are three ways to carry out a hysterectomy.
Requires a few small incisions made in the abdomen. A laparoscope is inserted through one of these incisions in order to view the pelvic organs. The other surgical instruments are inserted through separate small incisions to perform the surgery. The uterus can removed in small pieces through the incisions made.

A

o Laparoscopic hysterectomy

199
Q

Laparoscopic hysterectomy results in ______,_______and also has a __________. However it takes ___ to perform and there is also an increased risk of injury to the _______and to the other organs.

A

less pain, requires a shorter stay in the hospital
lower risk of infection
longer
urinary tract

200
Q

The uterus is removed through the vagina. No abdominal incisions are made. It is recommended as the first choice for hysterectomy when it is possible. However, women who have a _______ as well as those that have ________ may not be able to undergo this procedure.

A

Vaginal hysterectomy
very large uterus
adhesions from previous surgeries

201
Q

Vaginal hysterectomy, in general, causes _______-compared to abdominal and laparoscopic hysterectomy. Healing time is _______ as well in comparison with abdominal hysterectomy.

A

fewer complications

shorter

202
Q

In ____________, an incision is made in the lower abdomen where the uterus is removed through this incision. Through the opening in the abdomen the surgeon is given a clear view of the pelvic organs.

A

abdominal hysterectomy

203
Q

can be performed even if there are adhesions present and the uterus is very large. However, this procedure is associated with ________ compared to vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomy.

A

Abdominal hysterectomy

greater risk of complication

204
Q

The complications that can occur with Abdominal hysterectomy are: ____, _____, _____ and _____ and ______. It requires a ____ hospital stay and ____ recovery time.

A

wound infection, bleeding, blood clots,
nerve and tissue damage
longer
longer

205
Q

Hysterectomy generally, may be associated with several complications such as ___,____, _____ and ________, _________, _______ and _______

A

infections, bleeding, genitourinary and gastrointestinal injury, (blood clots), neuropathy (nerve damage), and vaginal cuff dehiscence (separation of the vaginal edges).

206
Q

Hysterectomy
________ are also given to help prevent blood clots.
____ can be expected for the first few days after surgery. _______ and ______ are also expected for several weeks. ______ and temporary problems involving _____ may be experienced after the procedure.

A 
Medicine or other care
Pain
Bleeding, discharge from the vagina 
Constipation 
emptying the bladder

MCN (3 decks)

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