Chapter 1 Flashcards
The care of women during childbirth
Obstetrics
Obstetrics, or the care of women during childbirth, is derived from the Greek word ______ , which means “to keep watch”
Obstare
Pediatrics is a word derived from the Greek word _______, meaning “child.”
Pais
Pediatrics is a word derived from the Greek word _______, meaning “child.”
Pais
The nurse’s role in all these phases focuses on ___________ and ___________
- promoting healthy growth
- development of the child and family in both health and illness
The field of nursing typically divides its concerns for families during childbearing and childrearing into two separate entities, ___________
Maternity care and child health care
The primary goal of ______________ can be stated simply as the promotion and maintenance of optimal family health to ensure cycles of optimal child-bearing and childrearing.
maternal and child health nursing care
Scope of practice (the range of services and care that may be provided by a nurse based on state requirements) in maternal and child health nursing care are:
- Preconceptual health care
- Care of women during three trimesters of pregnancy and the puerperium
- Care of infants during the perinatal period
- Care of children from birth through adolescence
- Care in settings as varied as the birthing room, the pediatric intensive care unit, and the home
The 6 weeks after childbirth, sometimes termed the fourth trimester of pregnancy
Puerperium
6 weeks before conception to 6 weeks after birth
Perinatal period
The level of ______ affects the health status of its members.
family’s functioning
Enables nurses to better understand individuals and their effect on others and, in turn, to provide holistic care.
Family-centered approach
Maternal and child health nursing is family centered; assessment must include both _________ and ____________
- family
- individual assessment data.
Maternal and child health nursing is __________ ; the health of families depends on and influences the health of communities.
community centered
Maternal and child health nursing is __________ ; the health of families depends on and influences the health of communities.
community centered
Maternal and child health nursing is _____________ because this is the means whereby critical knowledge increases.
evidence based
A maternal and child health nurse serves as an advocate to protect the rights of all family members, including the _______.
fetus
Maternal and child health nursing includes a high degree of independent nursing functions, because ___________ and _________ are major interventions.
- teaching
- counseling
_________ and _______ are important nursing roles because these protect the health of the next generation.
- Promoting health
- disease prevention
___________ serve as important resources for families during childbearing and childrearing as these can be extremely stressful times in a life cycle.
Maternal and child health nurses
Influence the meaning and impact of childbearing and childrearing on families.
Personal, cultural, and religious attitudes and beliefs.
Circumstances such as _________ are meaningful only in the context of a total life.
illness or pregnancy
____________ is a challenging role for nurses and a major factor in keeping families well and optimally functioning.
Maternal and child health nursing
Maternal and child health nursing includes care of the pregnant woman, child, and family. (A) During a __________, a nurse assesses that a pregnant woman’s uterus is expanding normally. (B) During a ____________ , a nurse assesses a child’s growth and development.
prenatal visit
health maintenance visit
Evidence obtained from at least one properly de-signed randomized controlled trial.
Level I
Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization, well designed cohort or case control analytic studies, or multiple time series with or without an intervention. Evidence obtained from dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence.
Level II
Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees
Level III
Is a type of congenitaluterinemalformation or müllerian duct anomaly in which theuterusappears to beheart-shaped
Bicornuate uterus
Failure to produce semen, or absence of sperm in the semen
aspermia
Is a condition in which the femoral neck leans forward with respect to the rest of the femur.
Femoral anteversion
Bending forward of an organ, especially of the body of the uterus.
Anteflexion
Is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men.
Andrology
Refers to the maturation of the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland, resulting in increased production of adrenal androgens associated with secondary sexual characteristics, such as the development of pubic hair (pubarche), axillary hair, body odor, and acne.
Adrenarche
Is an endoscopic procedure performed to examine the rectouterine pouch and pelvic viscera by the introduction of a culdoscope through the posterior vaginal wall
Culdoscopy
Also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a medical condition in which a woman’s bladder bulges into her vagina
Cystocele
Is the term for recurring pain in the genital area or within the pelvis during sexual intercourse.
Dyspareunia
Is the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex.
Erectile dysfunction (impotence)
Are the male and female primary reproductive organs.
Gonads
Is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive system.
Gynecology
Is an enlargement or swelling of breast tissue in males.
Gynecomastia
Is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions with the aid of a camera.
Laparoscopy
Is the medical term for menstrual periods with abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding.
Menorrhagia
Uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods
Metrorrhagia
Is a herniation (bulge) of the front wall of the rectum into the back wall of the vagina.
Rectocele
The state of being bent backespecially:the bending back of an organ (such as a uterus) upon itself
Retroflexion
The condition of being tilted abnormally backward.
Retroversion
Is the onset of secondary breast development, which often represents the beginning of pubertal development
Thelarche
Is a condition involving a muscle spasm in the pelvic floor muscles
Vaginismus
Is defined as an interest in observing unsuspecting people while they undress, are naked, or engage in sexual activities. The interest is usually more in the act of watching, rather than in the person being watched.
Voyeurism
Is a condition in which a woman has severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Refers to a wide range of physical or emotional symptoms that most often occur about 5 to 11 days before a woman starts her monthly menstrual cycle.
Premenstrual Syndrome
A ________ is a body organ that produces the cells necessary for reproduction (the ovary in females, the testis in males).
Gonad
At approximately week _________ , primitive gonadal tissue is already formed
5 of intrauterine life
In both sexes, two undifferentiated ducts, the _________ and ________ , are present.
Mesonephric ducts ( wolffian ) Paramesonephric ( mullerian )
In both sexes, two undifferentiated ducts, the _________ and ________ , are present.
Mesonephric ducts ( wolffian ) Paramesonephric ( mullerian )
By week _____ , in chromosomal males, this early gonadal tissue differentiates into ________ and begins formation of testosterone.
7 or 8
primitive testes
Under the influence of ________, the ________ begins to develop into the male reproductive organs, and the __________ regresses
testosterone
mesonephric duct
paramesonephric duct
If testosterone is not present by week 10, the gonadal tissue differentiates into ________, and the paramesonephric duct develops into _________
ovaries
female reproductive organs.
All of the ________ (cells that will develop into eggs throughout the woman’s mature years) are already formed in ovaries at this stage
oocytes
At about ________, the external genitals develop.
week 12
In males, under the influence of testosterone, ________ elongates and the ________ on the ventral surface of the penis closes to form the urethra;
penile tissue
urogenital fold
In females, with no testosterone present, the urogenital fold remains open to form the ___________;
labia minora
What would be formed as _________ in the male becomes the labia majora in the female
scrotal tissue
If testosterone secretion is halted in utero, a chromosomal male could be born with ___________
female appearing genitalia
If a woman should be prescribed a form of testosterone during pregnancy or if the woman, because of a metabolic abnormality, produces a high level of testosterone, a chromosomal female could be born with _________
male-appearing genitalia
Secondary sex changes are stimulated when the __________ synthesizes and releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released by the hypothalamus triggers the __________ to begin the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Anterior pituitary
_____ and ______ initiate the production of androgen and estrogen, which in turn initiate secondary sex characteristics, the visible signs of maturity.
FSH and LH
Girls are beginning dramatic development and maturation of reproductive organs at earlier ages than ever before ________
(9 to 12 years)
___________, under the direction of the central nervous system, may serve as a gonadostat or regulation mechanism set to “turn on” gonad functioning at this age
hypothalamus
Although it is not proved, the theory is that a girl must reach a critical weight of approximately ___________ or develop a critical mass of body fat before the hypothalamus is triggered to send initial stimulation to the anterior pituitary gland to begin the formation of gonadotropic hormones.
95 lb (43 kg)
____________ are the hormones responsible for mus-cular development, physical growth, and the increase in se-baceous gland secretions that causes typical acne in both boys and girls
Androgenic hormones
In males, androgenic hormones are produced by the _________ and the _________
adrenal cortex
testes
In females, adrogenic hormones are produced by the _________ and the ________.
adrenal cortex
ovaries
The level of the primary androgenic hormone, ___________, is low in males until puberty (approximately age 12 to 14 years).
testosterone
At the __________ testosterone levels rise to influence the further development of the testes, scrotum, penis, prostate, and seminal vesicles; the appearance of male pubic, axillary, and facial hair; laryngeal enlargement and its accompanying voice change; maturation of spermatozoa; and closure of growth in long bones.
Puberty, approx. (age of 12 to 14 years)
In girls, ________ influences enlargement of the labia majora and clitoris and formation of axillary and pubic hair
testosterone
This development of pubic and axillary hair because of androgen stimulation is termed ________.
adrenarche
When triggered at puberty by FSH, _________ in females begin to excrete a high level of the hormone estrogen
ovarian follicles
Estrogen is actually not one substance but three compounds ___________
(estrone [E1], estradiol [E2], and estriol [E3])
The increase in _________ in the female at puberty influences the development of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina; typical female fat distribution and hair patterns;
breast development; and an end to growth because it closes the epiphyses of long bones.
Estrogen levels
The beginning of breast development is termed __________.
thelarche
The average age at which menarche (the first menstrual pe-riod) occurs is ______
12.4 years
It may occur as early as age __ or as late as age _____, however, and still be within a normal age range.
9
17
________ menstrual periods are the rule rather than the exception for the first year.
Irregular
Menstrual periods do not become regular until ________ occurs with them.
ovulation consistently
When menstrual periods consistently occurs with ovulation (menstruation is not dependent on ovulation), and this does not tend to happen until _______________ after menarche.
1 to 2 years
This is one reason why _____________ are not commonly recommended until a girl’s menstrual periods have become stabilized or are ovulatory (to prevent administering a compound to halt ovulation before it is firmly established).
estrogen-based oral contraceptives
In boys, production of spermatozoa does not begin in __________ as does the production of ova, nor are spermatozoa produced in a _________ as are ova; rather, they are produced in a ________.
intrauterine life
cyclic pattern
continuous process
The production of _____ stops at menopause (the end of the fertile period in females)
ova
_____ production continues from puberty throughout the male’s life.
sperm
The study of the female reproductive organs is called _________.
gynecology
_________ is the study of the male reproductive organs.
Andrology
Is a rugated, skin-covered, muscular pouch suspended from the perineum.Its functions are to support the testes and to help regulate the temperature of sperm.
Scrotum
In very cold weather, the scrotal muscle ________ to bring the testes closer to the body;
contracts
In very hot weather, or in the presence of fever, the muscle _________ , allowing the testes to fall away from the body
relaxes
The contraction and relaxation of the muscles enables the temperature of the testes to remain as even as possible to promote the production and viability of _______.
sperm
Are two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm wide, that lie in the scrotum.
Testes
Each testis is encased by a protective white fibrous capsule and is composed of several lobules, with each lobule containing _________ and a __________.
interstitial cells (Leydig’s cells) seminiferous tubule
___________ produce spermatozoa.
Seminiferous tubules
Are responsible for the production of testosterone.
Leydig’s cells
Testes in a fetus first form in the ________.
pelvic cavity
Testis descend, late in intrauterine life (about the 34th to 38th week), into the _______.
scrotal sac
These infants need to be monitored closely to see that the testes do descend when the infant reaches what would have been the 34th to 38th week of gestational age.
Male preterm infants born with undescended testes
Does not occur as readily in extrauterine life as it does in utero.
Testicular descent
Testes that remain in the pelvic cavity may not produce _______ and are associated with a 4 to 7 times higher incidence of _________
viable sperm
testicular cancer
Spermatozoa are produced in the _______, they reach maturity, surrounded by _______, in the ________ through a complex sequence of regulatory events
testes
semen
external structures
The complex sequence of regulatory events. First, the hypothalamus releases _____, which in turn influences the anterior pituitary gland to release ___ and ___.
GnRH
FSH
LH
FSH is then responsible for the release of _____________.
androgen-binding protein (ABP)
LH is responsible for the release of __________.
testosterone
________ promotes sperm formation.
ABP binding of testosterone
As the amount of _______ increases, a feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland is created that ___________ and ultimately decreases or regulates sperm production.
testosterone
slows the production of FSH and LH
In most males, one testis is slightly than the other and is suspended slightly ______ in the scrotum than the other (usually the left one).
larger
lower
Because one testis is larger and lower than the other, testes tend to slide past each other more readily on _________ and there is less possibility of trauma to them.
sitting or muscular activity
___________ do not survive at a temperature as high as that of the body.
Spermatozoa
Allows the spermatozoa to survive. Provides protection for sperm survival.
Location of the testes outside the body, where the temperature is approximately 1° F lower than body temperature.
Beginning in ________, boys need to learn testicular self-examination so that they can detect tenderness or any abnormal growth in the testes
early adolescence
Normal testes feel ______, _______, and _______.
firm, smooth, and egg shaped
The _______ (the tube that carries sperm away from the testes) can be palpated as a firm swelling on the superior aspect of the testes.
epididymis
The _______ is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue.
Penis
In the penis shaft: two termed the __________ and a third termed the _________.
corpus cavernosa
corpus spongiosum
The ______ passes through these layers of erectile tissue, making the penis serve as the outlet for both the urinary and the reproductive tracts in men.
urethra
With sexual excitement, __________ is released from the endothelium of blood vessels.
nitric oxide
The release of nitric oxide from the endothelium of blood vessels results in ________ of blood vessels and an increase in blood flow to the ________ of the penis (engorgement).
dilation
arteries
The ___________ at the base of the penis then contracts, trapping both venous and arterial blood in the three sections of erectile tissue and leading to __________
Ischiocavernosus muscle
distention and erection of the penis.
The _________, a branch of the pudendal artery, provides the blood supply for the penis.
penile artery
Penile erecrion is stimulated by ____________
parasympathetic nerve innervation.
At the distal end of the organ is a bulging, sensitive ridge of tissue, the ________.
glans
A retractable casing of skin, the _______, protects the nerve-sensitive glans at birth
prepuce
The male internal reproductive organs are the ________, the _________, the ________ the _______ the __________, the __________ , and __________
epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles ejaculatory ducts prostate gland urethra the bulbourethral glands
The _________ of each testis leads to a tightly coiled tube, the epididymis.
Seminiferous tubule
Is responsible for conducting sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens, the next step in the passage to the outside.
Epididymis
Each epididymis is so tightly coiled, its length is extremely deceptive: it is actually over ____ long.
20 ft
Some sperm are stored in the epididymis, and a portion of the ________ that will surround sperm at maturity is produced by the _____________________
Alkaline fluid
Cells lining the epididymis.
Semen, or seminal fluid that contains a basic sugar and ______, a form of protein
mucin
Because the epididymis is so narrow along its entire length, infection of the epididymis can easily lead to ________ that then prohibits passage of sperm beyond the scarred point.
scarring of the lumen
Sperm are immobile and incapable of fertilization as they pass or are stored at the ________________.
epididymis level
It takes at least ___________ for them to travel the length of the epididymis and a total of __________ for them to reach maturity.
12 to 20 days
64 days
Absence of sperm.
aspermia
<20 million sperm/mL
oligospermia
This is one reason that aspermia and oligospermia are problems that do not appear to respond immediately to therapy but rather only after _______
2 months.
The _________ is an additional hollow tube surrounded by arteries and veins and protected by a thick fibrous coating
Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens).
Vas deferens carries sperm from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the ________ where it ends at the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts.
abdominal cavity
Sperm mature as they pass through the __________. They are still _________ at this point, however, probably because of the _________ of the semen produced at this level.
Vas deferens
not mobile
fairly acidic medium
The blood vessels and vas deferens together are referred to as the ____________
spermatic cord
A __________ , or a varicosity of the internal spermatic vein, was once thought to contribute to male subfertility by causing congestion with increased warmth in the testes but this appears to actually make little difference
varicocele
__________ (severing of the vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm) is a popular means of male birth control
Vasectomy
The _________ are two convoluted pouches that lie along the lower portion of the posterior surface of the bladder and empty into the urethra by way of the ejaculatory ducts.
Seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicles secrete a viscous alkaline liquid that has a _______, ________, and ___________ .
Sugar
protein
prostaglandin content
Sperm become increasingly motile with this added fluid, because it surrounds them with ______ and a __________
Alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles.
Nutrients
More favorable pH.
The two ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland and join the ________ to the urethra.
seminal vesicles
Is a chestnut-sized gland that lies just below the bladder
Prostate Gland
The _________ passes through the center of prostate gland it, like the hole in a doughnut.
urethra
The prostate gland secretes a thin, alkaline fluid. When added to the secretion from the seminal vesicles and the accompanying sperm from the epididymis, this alkaline fluid further protects sperm from being ________ by the _____________
immobilized
naturally low pH level of the urethra.
In middle life, many men develop _____________
benign hypertrophy of the prostate
The swelling of benign hypertrophy of prostate gland interferes with both ______ and ______.
fertility
urination
A benign condition, it can be relieved by medical therapy or surgery but needs to be differentiated from ___________
prostate cancer
__________ lie beside the prostate gland and empty via short ducts into the urethra
Two bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands
Like the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid secretion of the urethra and ensure the safe passage of ________.
spermatozoa
Semen, therefore, is derived from the prostate gland ______, the seminal vesicles _____, the epididymis ______, and the bulbourethral glands ____.
(60%)
(30%)
(5%)
(5%)
Is a hollow tube leading from the base of the bladder, which, after passing through the prostate gland, continues to the outside through the shaft and glans of the penis.
The urethra
Urethra is approximately ___________ long.
8 in (18 to 20 cm)
Urethra is lined with __________
Mucuous membrane
The structures that form the female external genitalia are termed the ______ (from the Latin word for “covering”)
vulva
Is a pad of adipose tissue located over the symphysis pubis, the pubic bone joint.
Mons Veneris.
The purpose of the mons veneris is to protect the junction of the ________ from trauma.
pubic bone
Just posterior to the mons veneris spread two hairless folds of connective tissue, the labia minora.
Labia Minora.
Before _______ , these folds ( labia minora) are fairly small; by ________ , they are firm and full; , _________ they atrophy and again become much smaller.
menarche
childbearing age
after menopause
Normally the folds of the labia minora are ______; the internal surface is covered with ________, and the external surface with _____.
pink
mucous membrane
skin
The area of labia minora abundant with ________, so localized sebaceous cysts may occur here.
sebaceous glands
Women who perform monthly vulvar examinations are able to detect infection or other abnormalities of the vulva such as ___________.
sebaceous cysts
Are two folds of adipose tissue covered by ______________ and ___________ that are positioned lateral to the labia minora.
Labia Majora
loose connective tissue
epithelium
Covered by pubic hair, the labia majora serve as protection for the __________ and the __________ and _________.
external genitalia
distal urethra
vagina
Labia majora are fused _________ but separated ____________.
anteriorly
posteriorly
Trauma to the area of labia majora such as occurs from childbirth or rape, can lead to ___________ because of the ______________
extensive edema formation
looseness of the connective tissue base.
The _______ is the flattened, smooth surface inside the labia. The openings to the bladder _______ and the __________ both arise from the vestibule
vestibule
(the urethra)
uterus (the vagina)
The _______ is a small (approximately 1 to 2 cm), rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora.
clitoris
Clirotis is covered by a fold of skin, the ___________
Prepuce
The clitoris is sensitive to ______ and ___________ and is the ______________ and _________ in a woman.
touch
temperature
center of sexual arousal
orgasm
___________ supply for the clitoris is plentiful.
Arterial blood
_____________ surrounding it contracts with sexual arousal, the ____________ for the clitoris is blocked, leading to clitoral erection.
Ischiocavernosus muscle
venous outflow
Two _____________ are located just lateral to the urinary meatus, one on each side.
Skene’s glands (paraurethral glands)
Two _____________ are located just lateral to the urinary meatus, one on each side.
Skene’s glands (paraurethral glands)
Skene’s gland ducts open into the _______.
urethra
Are located just lateral to the vaginal opening on both sides.
Bartholin’s glands (vulvovaginal glands)
Bartholin’s gland ducts open into the ______.
distal vagina
Secretions from both skene’s gland and bartholin’s gland help to lubricate the _________ during coitus.
external genitalia
The alkaline pH of the secretions of bartholin’s gland and skene’s gland helps to improve _________ in the vagina
sperm survival
Both Skene’s glands and Bartholin’s glands may become infected and produce a ________ and __________
discharge
local pain
The __________ is the ridge of tissue formed by the poste-rior joining of the two labia minora and the labia majora.
fourchette
Fourchette is the structure that is sometimes cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to __________________.
enlarge the vaginal opening
Posterior to the fourchette is the ____________.
perineal muscle or the perineal body
Because the perineal muscle or perineal body is a muscular area, it is easily stretched during childbirth to _____________ and _____________.
allow for enlargement of the vagina
passage of the fetal head
Many exercises suggested for pregnancy (such as Kegel’s, squatting, and tailor-sitting) are aimed at making the __________ more flexible to allow easier expansion during birth without tearing of this tissue.
perineal muscle
What are the exercises suggested for pregnancy that are aimed at making the perinral musclr more flexible
Kegel’s, squatting, and tailor-sitting
The ________ is a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers the opening to the vagina in childhood.
hymen
Occasionally, a girl has an ____________ that it does not allow for passage of menstrual blood from the vagina or for sexual relations until it is surgically incised
imperforate hymen, or a hymen so complete
Vulvar Blood Supply. The blood supply of the external genitalia is mainly from the ________ and a portion of the __________.
pudendal artery
inferior rectus artery
Vulvar blood supply. Venous return is through the ___________.
pudendal vein
Pressure on the pudendal vein by the fetal head can cause extensive back pressure and development of varicosities (distended veins) in the ___________.
labia majora
Because of the rich blood supply, trauma to the area, such as occurs from pressure during childbirth, can cause large ___________.
hematomas
Vulvar Nerve Supply. The anterior portion of the vulva derives its nerve supply from the ________ and _______________
ilioinguinal genitofemoral nerves (L1 level).
The posterior portions of the vulva and vagina are supplied by the _______.
pudendal nerve (S3 level)
Normal stretching of the perineum with childbirth causes temporary _________ in the area.
loss of sensation
Anesthesia for childbirth may be administered locally to block the ________, further eliminating pain sensation at the perineum during birth.
pudendal nerve
Female internal reproductive organs
ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina.
The ovaries are approximately _____ cm long by ____ cm in diameter and approximately ____ cm thick, or the size and shape of ________.
4 cm long by 2 cm in diameter
1.5 cm thick
almonds
Ovaries are color ______ and appear _____, or with ____________ on the surface.
grayish white
pitted
minute indentations
An unruptured, glistening, clear, fluid-filled _________ (an ovum about to be discharged) or a __________ (the structure left behind after the ovum has been discharged) often can be observed on the surface of an ovary.
graafian follicle
miniature yellow corpus luteum
Ovaries are located close to and on both sides of the _______ in the lower abdomen.
uterus
Ovary is difficult to locate by ________ because they are situated so low in the abdomen.
abdominal palpation
If an abnormality is present, such as an enlarging ovarian cyst, the resulting tenderness may be evident on ________________
lower-left or lower-right abdominal palpation.
The function of the two ovaries (the female gonads) is to _____, ________, __________
produce, mature, and discharge ova (the egg cells).
In the process, the ovaries produce _________ and __________ and initiate and regulate _________________
estrogen
progesterone
menstrual cycles.
If the ovaries are removed before puberty (or are nonfunctional), the resulting absence of __________ prevents breasts from maturing at puberty;
in addition, pubic hair distribution assumes a ___________ than normal.
estrogen
more male pattern
After menopause, or cessation of ovarian function, the ________, ________ , and _______ all undergo atrophy or a reduction in size because of a lack of _________.
uterus, breasts, ovaries
estrogen
__________, therefore, is necessary for maturation and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics in females.
Ovarian function
The estrogen secreted by ovaries is also important to prevent ________, or weakness of bones, because of withdrawal of calcium from bones.
osteoporosis
women after menopause, women are prone to serious spinal, hip, and wrist fractures because of
Lack of estrogen
Because ________ is incorporated into estrogen, the production of estrogen is thought to also keep _________ levels reduced, thus limiting the effects of ____________ in women.
cholesterol
atherosclerosis (artery disease)
__________ used to be prescribed for women at menopause to help prevent osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Estrogen
However, this type of long-term estrogen supplementation may contribute to __________ and ____________, so it is no longer routinely recommended
breast cancer
cerebrovascular accidents
The ovaries are held suspended and in close contact with the ends of the fallopian tubes by ________ strong supporting ligaments attached to the ____________.
three
uterus or the pelvic wall
Ovaries are unique among pelvic structures in that they are not covered by a layer of ___________ .
peritoneum
Because the ovaries are not encased in peritoneum, ______ can escape from them and enter the uterus by way of the fallopian tubes.
ova
Because ovaries are ______ rather than being firmly fixed in place, an abnormal tumor or cyst growing on them can enlarge to a size easily twice that of the organ before pressure on surrounding organs or the ovarian blood supply leads to symptoms of compression.
suspended in position
This is the reason that ovarian cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death from cancer in women
the tumor grows without symptoms for an extended period
Ovaries have three principal divisions:
- Protective layer of surface epithelium
- Cortex
- Central medulla
Where the immature (primordial) oocytes mature into ova and large amounts of estrogen and progesterone are produced
Cortex
Division of Reproductive Cells (Gametes).
At birth, each ovary contains approximately ___________ which were formed during the ____________________
2 million immature ova (oocytes)
first 5 months of intrauterine life.
Part of ovary Which contains the nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic tissue, and some smooth muscle tissue.
Central Medulla
Although the reproductive cells have the unique ability to produce a new individual, they basically contain the usual components of cells:
a cell membrane, an area of clear cytoplasm, and a nucleus containing chromosomes.
The oocytes, like sperm, differ from all other body cells in the __________ they contain in the nucleus.
Number of chromosomes
Reproductive cells (both ova and spermatozoa) have only ___________, so that, when they combine (fertilization), the new individual formed from them will have the normal number of
half the usual number of chromosomes (23 chromosomes)
